| Note: This web-page document covers the Main Points about the Egyptian Dynasties. |
| For information upon Other Dynasties, Hyksos, Shishak and Various People, please right click upon the link below: |
| https://www.godswordexplained.com/?page_id=3151 |
| There you will find information regarding the: |
| Argead Dynasty – – c. 700-310 BC / 332-309 BC – – ruled the kingdom of Macedon in ancient Greece |
| Achaemenid Dynasty – – late 7th century-329 BC – – ruled the Persian Empire |
| Chaldean Dynasty – – 626-539 BC – – a tribal group in Mesopotamia, after the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire |
| Seleucid Dynasty – – 312-63 BC – – a Hellenistic successor State to the Empire of Alexander the Great |
| Ptolemaic Dynasty – – 305-30 BC – – a Macedonian Greek royal family that ruled Egypt |
| Roman Pharaoh / “Egypt’s Thirty-fourth Dynasty” – – 30 BC-313 AD – – after Rome conquered Egypt, Roman emperors were essentially considered pharaohs by the Egyptians. |
| You will also find some information upon: |
| The Hyksos, who once ruled Egypt, but they didn’t arrive as invaders |
| Joseph, he was Imhotep of Egypt – see https://www.godswordexplained.com/?page_id=3152 |
| Shishak, king of Egypt, also known as the Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonq I / Hedjkheperre Setpenre / Shoshenq I Meriamun |
| Manetho, who was an Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who lived in the early third century BC |
| Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260?AD-30 May 339 AD), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius |
| George Syncellus (died after 810 AD) who was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastical official |
| and Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160-c. 240 AD) was a Christian traveller and historian. |
| Finally, the following web-page document covers Biblical Information and Dating as well as much information about the Egyptian Dynasties as given below. |
| For this information, please right click upon the link below: |
| https://www.godswordexplained.com/?page_id=675 |
| Biblically Adjusted Egyptian Dynasties |
| In previous reviews of the Egyptian Dynasties, it has been established that: |
| 1. The commencement of the Egyptian Dynasties is pre-Great Flood. From a Biblical viewpoint, this CANNOT occur. |
| 2. The dates cited by Archaeologists and Historians for the Egyptian Dynasties vary considerable with respect to their the timeline and their duration for each Dynasty. |
| 3. It is noted that various prominent Egyptian archaeologists / historians have voiced their belief that the secular Egyptian [C-14} dating system is totally incorrect and needs to be amended to a biblical one. Such include David Rohl, Peter James and Israel Finkelstein. |
| 4. Much of the Egyptian Dynasties has been derived from the records of a person called Manetho. It is known that he was in self competition with the views of Herodotus. |
| 5. The Numbers for the Egyptian Dynasties within the Intermediate Periods are said to over-lap and, by some Archaeologists and Historians, a few may not even exist. |
| 6. There are four “fixed dates” where occurrences within the Egyptian Dynasties and Biblical records may be established. |
| 6a. It is known that ALL people, including any Egyptian Pharaoh(s) [if they existed!], that were not in the Ark died as a result of the Great Flood in 2348 BC. Did Egyptian Pharaoh(s) before the Flood? Obviously not. To assume that Egyptian Dynasties occurred before and after the Flood would reduce that this worldwide event to a localised area which did not even affect Egypt. So all secular Egyptian dating has to be after 2348 BC. |
| 6b. Later, at the time of Joseph, there was a 7 year famine over much of the earth, with Joseph at that time being promoted to No. 2 under the Egyptian Pharaoh. This occurred 1708-1701 BC. |
| 6c. Still later, it is known that the then Egyptian Pharaoh died in the crossing of the Red Sea in 1446 BC and that he had a “first born” son who had recently died for the Plagues. |
| 6d. Much later and in 926 BC, we shall see that the biblical Shishak attacked Jerusalem during a 9 year “window” being after the death of Solomon in 931 BC and before the end of the reign of Shishak in 922 BC. |
| There is another “fixed point” that can be established when Moses was aged 40 – 80 years of age; during this time he was a shepherd working for Jethro, his father-in-law. |
| Thutmose III was only 2 years old when he came to power in 1505 BC, and thus was younger than Moses who was born in 1526 BC and therefore 19 years older. Since his birth, Moses had been reared as the foster son of Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut was the “daughter of Pharaoh [Thutmose I] [who] came down to wash [herself] at the river” of Exodus 2:5. She later married her half-brother, Thutmose II, but only had 1 daughter, Neferure. Moses posed a real threat to the younger Thutmose III, since Hatshepsut had no natural sons. Moses would have been seen as a candidate for pharaoh, with only his Semitic origins standing in the way. In any case, there appears to have been genuine animosity between Moses and the pharaoh. This is evident in the fact that Moses, having slain an Egyptian, was forced to flee Egypt for his life. That the pharaoh himself took note of what would otherwise have been a relatively minor issue suggests that Thutmose III had more than a casual interest in ridding himself of Moses. Moses’s self-imposed exile took place in 1486, when he was forty years old (Acts 7:23). Thutmose III had been in power for nineteen years, and the aged Hatshepsut, who died three years later, was likely no longer able to interdict the will of her son-in-law / nephew. Thutmose III, having had a 22 year co-regency with his step-mother and aunt, then had another 32 year sole regency during which time he chose to remove all traces of Hatshepsut. Thutmose III died aged 56 years old in 1451 BC and was succeeded by his son Amenhotep II. |
| Exodus 2:23 ¶ And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage. |
| Exodus 4:19 And the LORD said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life. |
| 8. Given that Biblical records and Ussher dating have already been show upon https://www.godswordexplained.com/ to have creditability, sometimes with Gematrial meaning, and that various dates have been established within the Christian framework, then this will form the basis within this review to establish dates for the Egyptian Dynasties that are in keeping with Biblical records. Notwithstanding this, it is noted that the https://creation.com/ web-site, and others, have had much difficulty in trying to establish such compatible dating. |
| 9. In undertaking the above note, many of the established dates for the Egyptian Dynasties will be drastically altered. Most have been based upon carbon 14 dating which is known to be correct for recent dating events. However, for events beyond about 3,000 years, the results begin to drastically error. The further one goes back in carbon dating, the worse this error becomes. |
| https://answersresearchjournal.org/radiometric-dates/biblical-timescale-radiocarbon-dating/#:~:text=Since%203000%20B.P.%20is%20approximately,Fig. |
| Radiocarbon dating of ancient human remains has been used to expand the perceived timescale for human existence in Eurasia to over 40,000 years based on the uniformitarian assumption that atmospheric carbon 14 (C-14) concentration is unchanged relative to modern times. Stated as scientific facts with no discussion of the assumptions involved, these excessive ages challenge the record of world history recorded in the Bible and lend support to the notion that man has evolved from apes. Such reasoning is unacceptable by those who believe that the Bible is God’s Word which cannot be overturned by any so-called “scientific” arguments. Rather, it is science in general, and radiocarbon dating in particular, which must be interpreted in a manner consistent with the true history of the world. |
| Radiocarbon dating must be calibrated to fit a biblical timescale. The finding of C-14 in fossil fuels, which were derived from plants buried in the Flood, suggests a starting point for the correct calibration of radiocarbon dating by providing an ancient carbon of known age in which the C-14 content can be measured. The low content of C-14 in fossil fuels implies that the atmospheric C-14 level in the pre-Flood world was less than 1% of today’s level, in dramatic contrast to the uniformitarian assumption of stable atmospheric C-14 levels. |
| The process that has caused the increase in atmospheric C-14 since then is not known, but the increase was very rapid in the first centuries after the Flood. Based on C-14 measurements from two ancient carbons with biblical dates, the Flood at 2500?[actually 2358] BC, and the Joseph famine at 1875 [actually 1708-1701]?BC, and from tree rings from 1000?BC, a radiocarbon dating curve is constructed to connect the Flood to 1000?BC, the time of King David [1040-970 BC]. Given the many assumptions and difficulties involved with C-14 measurements radiocarbon dating on a biblical timescale can only provide an approximate date for ancient carbons and cannot supplant absolute dating based on reliable historical records. |
| Radiocarbon dates are often accepted as scientific facts without any consideration of the assumptions required to get the dates. A major assumption is that the atmospheric C-14 concentration varies around a steady state level, so its concentration was not radically different in ancient times. This uniformitarian assumption is particularly problematic because evolutionists have used radiocarbon dating of ancient human remains and artifacts to greatly expand the perceived timescale of human history to the limits imposed by the C-14 decay rate, which is up to 55,000 years based on current measurement techniques. |
| Once the biblical timescale has been denied by their C-14 assumptions it is a simple matter for them to promote the notion of human evolution from ape ancestors over millions of alleged years. For example, Neanderthal remains have been radiocarbon dated to over 40,000 years of age and Neanderthals have been portrayed as primitive men left behind as modern men rapidly evolved (Habermehl 2010; Hajdinjak et al. 2018; Paabo 2022). These ancient radiocarbon ages are presented as unchallengeable scientific facts, which cause many Christians to doubt the accuracy of the Genesis record. While radiocarbon dating is accurate back to about 1000?BC, the expansive radiocarbon timescale, going back tens of thousands of years, is incompatible with the biblical record (Carter 2022). |
| The assumptions behind radiocarbon dating which give rise to these extreme ages are rarely discussed in the secular literature, nor are they understood by the general public. They are simply accepted as true on the solid foundation of radiocarbon dating. But that foundation is not nearly as secure as most think. |
| One major crack in the foundation of radiocarbon dating is the existence of C-14 in fossil carbons thought to be millions of years old. It has been known since the 1950’s that coal, gas, and oil deposits contain C-14 (Riddle 2019; Whitelaw 1970), a fact firmly established by the findings of the RATE team from the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) that, “every portion of the Phanerozoic record show detectable amounts of C-14” (Baumgardner et al. 2003; Snelling 2008). This Phanerozoic record also includes dinosaur bones and other fossils which contain C-14 (Thomas and Nelson 2015). The secular world has had a hard time accepting these facts because they think coal and fossils are millions of years old. The coal seams of the world are dated by the secular timescale from the Carboniferous Period, 358.9 million years ago, to the Eocene epoch, up to 33 million years ago. |
| So, coal should be “carbon 14 dead,” meaning coal should have no C-14 because of its short half-life of about 5,700 years. Thirty-three million years span 5,789 C-14 half-lives, but if the whole earth were made of C-14, there would not be a single atom of C-14 left after 168 half-lives, less than 1 million years (Carter 2022). The fact that coal, gas, oil, and fossil deposits contain measurable amounts of C-14 means that the plants and animals that formed these ancient carbons died only a few thousand years ago. Coal is not millions of years old, and neither are dinosaur bones. |
| How can the cracked foundation of secular radiocarbon dating be repaired, correcting the notion that humans have been around for over 50,000 years? One way would be to recalibrate the secular radiocarbon dating curve to become a biblical radiocarbon dating curve. This can be done simply by assuming that coal, gas, and oil are from plants buried in the global Flood, which occurred about 4,500 years ago, and that the amount of C-14 remaining in these fossil fuels today provides a way to estimate the atmospheric concentration of C-14 at the time of the Flood. A calculation based on these biblical assumptions may seem simple, but it is quite complicated, as will be shown below. |
| Reader: For the proof and detailed information please refer to the link above. |
| Later the report continues: |
| Uncertainties of radiocarbon dating |
| The following are the uniformitarian assumptions used in conventional radiocarbon dating (Hebert, Snelling, and Clarey 2016). |
| The rate of C-14 production has not varied in the past. |
| The global radiocarbon system is in a “steady state.” |
| C-14 is always uniformly distributed in each reservoir (atmosphere, oceans, biosphere) although concentrations may differ between reservoirs. |
| The amounts of stable carbon isotopes C-12 and C-13 are always constant. |
| That these assumptions do not apply can easily be demonstrated by measuring the C-14 content of artifacts of known age. … Scientists who developed radiocarbon dating have acknowledged this “non-equilibrium” aspect of C-14 activity. Hence, a need for a calibration curve like IntCal20. Everyone agrees that radiocarbon dating must be calibrated due to lower atmospheric C-14 levels in ancient times. |
| The report concludes: |
| Based on the uniformitarian assumption of constant atmospheric C-14 content, secular radiocarbon dating of the most ancient human remains assigns them an age of over 40,000 years, an age incompatible with the biblical timescale. However, the existence of C-14 in coal, gas, and oil deposits has provided a time point for recalibration of radiocarbon dating to a biblical timescale because fossil fuels are derived from plants that were buried in the Flood around 2500?BC. |
| The recalibration is done by constructing a radiocarbon curve connecting the C-14 content of fossil fuels from the Flood (2500?BC), through the C-14 content of people who died in the Joseph famine of Genesis 41 (1875?BC) and ending with the C-14 content of tree rings from the time of King David (1000?BC). Based on this biblical radiocarbon calibration curve, the migration of men into Western Eurasia after the Flood is pictured using recalibrated C-14 ages of human remains listed in the Allen Ancient DNA Resource. |
| Also, the list of Egyptian Pharaoh ages based on radiocarbon is collapsed into the biblical timescale. The potential causes of a dramatic rise in atmospheric C-14 content after the Flood are discussed. The difficulties attending radiocarbon dating, even with a biblical timescale, will limit the usefulness of the biblical radiocarbon curve to providing approximate dates between the Flood and the time of King David. |
| Furthermore, radiocarbon dating with a biblical timescale will assist the assignment of absolute dates based on historical records and the science of archaeology. The Bible is the only perfectly reliable historical record and radiocarbon dating must be calibrated so that assigned dates are consistent with the biblical record. |
| The above is not the only document relating to biblical and secular issues; for instance: |
| https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=icc_proceedings |
| In the Conclusions: |
| 4. The currently accepted secular chronology of the dynasties of Egypt needs to be drastically revised downward to accord with the Bible. |
| 5. People and events must determine synchronisms between the Bible and secular history. It is not possible to use chronology comparisons between the Bible and the Egyptian dynasties to determine historical synchronisms. |
| 6. The secular and biblical timelines must not be mixed together if we are to avoid confusion as to the order of historical events. |
| https://answersingenesis.org/geology/carbon-14/doesnt-carbon-14-dating-disprove-the-bible/?srsltid=AfmBOoqmXEjKNfilzBZKoA2r6OVrpEzf4G2yBuM54ofsR0TZ8yaal18i |
| Magnetic Field of the Earth Other factors can affect the production rate of C14 in the atmosphere. The earth has a magnetic field around it which helps protect us from harmful radiation from outer space. This magnetic field is decaying (getting weaker). The stronger the field is around the earth, the fewer the number of cosmic rays that are able to reach the atmosphere. This would result in a smaller production of C14 in the atmosphere in earth’s past. |
| Earth’s magnetic field is fading. Today it is about 10 percent weaker than it was when German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss started keeping tabs on it in 1845, scientists say. |
| If the production rate of C14 in the atmosphere was less in the past, dates given using the carbon-14 method would incorrectly assume that more C14 had decayed out of a specimen than what has actually occurred. This would result in giving older dates than the true age. |
| Genesis Flood |
| What role might the Genesis Flood have played in the amount of carbon? The Flood would have buried large amounts of carbon from living organisms (plant and animal) to form today’s fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.). The amount of fossil fuels indicates there must have been a vastly larger quantity of vegetation in existence prior to the Flood than exists today. This means that the biosphere just prior to the Flood might have had 500 times more carbon in living organisms than today. This would further dilute the amount of C14 and cause the C14/C12 ratio to be much smaller than today. |
| If that were the case, and this C-14 were distributed uniformly throughout the biosphere, and the total amount of biosphere C were, for example, 500 times that of today’s world, the resulting C-14/C-12 ratio would be 1/500 of today’s level. |
| When the Flood is taken into account along with the decay of the magnetic field, it is reasonable to believe that the assumption of equilibrium is a false assumption. |
| Because of this false assumption, any age estimates using C14 prior to the Flood will give much older dates than the true age. Pre-Flood material would be dated at perhaps ten times the true age. |
| Search Notes |
| The Earth’s core, particularly the outer core, acts like a giant magnet, generating the planet’s magnetic field. This is because the outer core is made of molten iron and nickel, and its movement due to convection currents and the Earth’s rotation creates electric currents, which in turn produce a magnetic field. This magnetic field is not fixed but constantly changes, and it’s thought to be responsible for the Earth’s overall magnetic behaviour. |
| While both the outer and inner core are made of iron and nickel, only the outer core, which is molten, contributes significantly to the generation of the magnetic field. The inner core, being solid, does not contribute to the generation of the magnetic field. |
| The Earth’s outer core, a layer of molten iron, has been gradually freezing into a solid inner core. This freezing process, driven by heat loss from the planet’s interior, releases light elements at the inner core boundary, powering the geodynamo in the outer core and generating Earth’s magnetic field. The solid inner core has grown and is gradually shrinking the outer core. |
| The Earth’s magnetic field, including the field associated with Ley lines (if they exist), was likely stronger in the past, especially in the distant past. While the overall strength of the Earth’s magnetic field fluctuates over time, studies of ancient rocks and minerals indicate that it was significantly stronger than it is today. |
| Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3% per century. [Dipole = a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles of opposite sign separated by a small distance.] |
| The early Earth’s magnetic field is believed to have been stronger than it is now, potentially three times stronger. This stronger field may have helped retain Earth’s early atmosphere and is attributed to a fully liquid core in its early days. |
| The stronger magnetic field in early Earth is thought to have played a crucial role in retaining the planet’s early atmosphere. |
| It’s theorized that Earth’s core was entirely liquid in its early days, which may have contributed to a stronger magnetic field compared to the current state where only the outer core is liquid. |
| Conclusion |
| The above confirms that the rate of C-14 production would have definitely varied in the past. |
| Hence the carbon dating assumptions are invalid. |
| 2348 BC was the date for THE GREAT FLOOD — Noah age 600 years at time of the Flood [Genesis 7:6 & 11]. |
| Afterwards, re-population of the earth commenced through the 3 already married sons of Noah. |
| 2346 BC. Arphaxad [Arpachshad] born to Shem [age 100] — 2 years after Flood [Genesis 11:10] [generation 12]. |
| A number of centuries would be needed before amassing a population whereby there would be sufficient numbers of Egyptians, as well as Hebrews, before the events of Joseph, and later, Moses and the Exodus could take place. |
| 1745 BC. JOSEPH born to Jacob [age 91] & Rachel [Genesis 30:22-24]. |
| 1728 BC. Joseph, aged 17, prospers under Potiphar [Genesis 39]. |
| 1715 BC. Joseph, aged 30, promoted to 2nd in authority to Pharaoh Djoser [Genesis 41:46]. Genesis 41:50 And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. |
| 1715 BC. 7 years of plenty begin [Genesis 41:47]. Ussher’s dates give 1715 BC, with the famine then starting in 1708 BC. |
| 1701 BC. End of the 7 years of famine. |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_Stela |
| The Famine Stela is an inscription written in Egyptian hieroglyphs located on Sehel Island in the Nile near Aswan in Egypt, which tells of a seven-year period of drought and famine during the reign of pharaoh Djoser of the Third Dynasty. |
| https://creationwiki.org/Joseph_and_Imhotep#:~:text=When%20Pharaoh%20Djoser%20(Netjerikhet)%20died,encasing%20it%20with%20ornate%20limestone. |
| The first pyramid to be built was the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser (Netjerikhet) which is part of a complex in Saqqara Egypt that appears to be a grain storage and distribution centre. The Step Pyramid itself was built on top of a shaft that was originally used as a grain silo but then converted into a tomb for the Pharaoh. The Step Pyramid is really a series of Mastabas, made from solid limestone blocks, stacked up on top of one another. The Step Pyramid was used to bury Netjerikhet’s 3 wives and 11 daughters and Netjerikhet’s sarcophagus was placed on a platform in the shaft beneath the Stepped Pyramid. |
| The Step Pyramid in Saqqara. Built on top of a shaft that was probably the first grain silo built by Joseph. When Pharaoh Djoser (Netjerikhet) died in the 5th year of the famine, Joseph (Imhotep) made the grain silo into a tomb by encasing it with ornate limestone. Djoser’s sarcophagus was placed on a platform at the bottom of the shaft and then the top of the shaft was sealed with a heavy granite slab. Successive mastabas were built on top of the burial chamber (shaft) resulting in a Stepped Pyramid. |
| c. 1722 BC. Djoser start of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 3]. He was the son of King Khasekhemwy and Queen Nimaathap, but whether he was also the direct successor to their throne is unclear. No one knows exactly when Djoser was born. Hetephernebti was Djoser’s consort [the spouse of a reigning monarch]. It is widely believed that Hetephernebti, queen of Pharaoh Djoser, was his [half-]sister. She was likely the daughter of Djoser’s predecessor, Khasekhemwy, and Nimaathap, making her Djoser’s sister [or half-sister]. Djoser’s mother was also Nimaathap, implying a sister. |
| Britannica.com cites that Djoser was related to the last ruler of the 2nd dynasty [1722-1703 BC] through his mother [?]. With the help of Imhotep, the king erected a funerary complex at ?aqqarah, outside the royal capital, Memphis (southwest of modern Cairo). Built entirely of stone, the innovative structure was a departure from the traditional use of mud bricks along with stone. The greatest advance, however, was a complete alteration of the shape of the monument from a flat-topped rectangular structure (known as a mastaba) to a six-stepped pyramid. Surrounding the Step Pyramid were a large number of limestone buildings intended to represent shrines used for royal rituals. The style of architecture of those buildings reproduced in minutest detail the wood, reed, and brick forms employed in utilitarian construction in Egypt. The pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall with a single entrance at the south-east corner of the precinct. In response to the internal troubles of the 2nd dynasty, Djoser was the first king to reside exclusively at Memphis, thereby helping to make it the political and cultural centre of Old Kingdom [1717 to 1611 BC] Egypt. |
| c. 1703 BC. Djoser end of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 3]. Djoser ruled Egypt for 19 years. The Turin King List suggests the 19-year reign. Place of burial: Step Pyramid of Djoser, Egypt. The pyramid of Djoser, sometimes called the Step Pyramid of Djoser or Step Pyramid of Horus Netjerikhet, is an archaeological site in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt, north-west of the ruins of Memphis. It was the first Egyptian pyramid to be built, which is considered a precursor to the later pyramids. |
| Note: Pharaoh Djoser died in the 5th year of the famine which would be 1703 BC. It was Joseph who, as second in command, oversaw the place of burial; the Step Pyramid of Djoser, Egypt. The Pyramid, the first one of a few constructed, had been used for the storage of grain. By the fifth year of the famine, all the grain within this first pyramid would have been used up. With shaft ventilation problems, it was converted to be the tomb for Djoser. |
| Moving forward to Moses and the Exodus: |
| 1446 BC. Moses [age 80] & Aaron [age 83] speak to Pharaoh [Exodus 7:7]. THE 10 PLAGUES on Egypt [Exodus 7-12]. |
| 1446 BC. Amenhotep II’s son Amenhotep died being a first born son. Hence the second son Thutmose IV reigned. |
| We know that the Egyptian Pharaoh died in the crossing of the Red Sea: |
| In 1898, archaeologist Victor Loret made a stunning discovery deep in an Egyptian tomb that powerfully correlated with the Exodus story in the Bible. Join Joel as he tells the story of what Loret found and why it is so important! |
| https://www.youtube.com/live/mJP4pVjnWpk |
| Extract of text from 14 minutes 40 seconds: |
| “I mean it’s amazing that we’ve been able to get in here when he [Victor Loret] started opening up these other coffins in this other chamber he saw that they also were pharaohs so in Antiquity the tombs in the Valley of the Kings were being looted and to protect the Pharaohs that were buried in their tombs they were taken from their tombs and put in these caches for their protection. And so this is what Loret found in the Tomb of Amenhotep II is a cache of these other pharaohs in these nine coffins that had been taken from their original burial tombs into this cache for safekeeping. [Note: In ancient Egypt, burial tombs were sometimes placed into caches for safekeeping, especially for royal mummies. These caches were essentially hidden locations where mummies and associated funerary equipment were moved for protection from tomb robbers or as part of rituals. The cache was a separate location from the original tomb.] |
| So interestingly one of the mummies that was in these coffins was Tutmose IV and he is the one who is the successor of his father Amenhotep II to the throne the younger brother of Webensenu. So that’s what lay found in his discovery and excavation of the tomb of Amenhotep II. Now what we need to do is bring the Bible into it and look at the details of what it tells us about the Exodus Pharaoh. Exodus 12 says the Lord struck down all the firstborn in Egypt including the firstborn of pharaoh who sat on the throne. So we know from the biblical account that the Exodus Pharaoh, his firstborn died before he did. And then we know from what was found in the Tomb of Amenhotep II that he had his son Webensenu, who died before he did, because he was buried in his tomb. Once a King dies then he’s buried in his tomb with his belongings and his treasures and and that tomb is sealed off, nobody is buried afterwards, and so we know for certain that Webensenu died before his father because he’s buried in his tomb. And this is an incredible match and most probably this is the oldest son of Amenhotep II and therefore the one who would have died in the plague of the first born. Correction Note: While Webensenu was a brother to Tutmose IV he was not the “first-born” brother who died in the Plagues. That person was Amenhotep as Wiki confirms: Amenhotep was an ancient Egyptian prince during the 18th Dynasty, son and the designated heir of Amenhotep II. He was a priest of Ptah and is mentioned in an administrative papyrus. A stela near the Great Sphinx, showing a priest of Ptah whose name was erased, probably depicts him. Webensenu was an ancient Egyptian prince of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He was a son of Pharaoh Amenhotep II and the brother of pharaoh Thutmose IV. He is mentioned, along with his brother Nedjem, on a statue of Minmose, overseer of the works in Karnak. |
| Exodus 9:10 says so they took soot from a furnace and stood before Pharaoh. Moses tossed it into the air and festering boils broke out on people and animals. When Smith examined the body of Amenhotep II, these as he called them tubercles, were all over his skin. And in fact you can see this when you go to the Egyptian Museum and see the mummy of Amenhotep II to this day. You’ll see these boil like sores on his skin. I don’t want to make too much of this, we don’t know anything for sure, but I also don’t want to make too little of it either. Isn’t it interesting that if Amenhotep II is the Exodus pharaoh and is the one that Moses stood before and threw the soot up into the air, and then the boils broke out, that he’s the one that lived through that plague and Amenhotep II is of all the kings that have been found, their mommies have been found, his is the one that has boils like sores all over his body. So when I did a video in the past on the Pharaoh of the Exodus, one of the major complaints was that we shouldn’t have a mummy of the Pharaoh of the Exodus because he drowned in the sea cross and therefore his body would have been lost. |
| There’s two reasons in the Bible itself that we should expect to have the mummy of the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The first one, which is the most important, is that the biblical account does not say that the Pharaoh of the Exodus drowned in the sea crossing. Exodus 14 says that the Egyptians pursued and went in after them into the midst of the sea. This included all Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots and his horsemen. But it doesn’t say Pharaoh himself went into the sea. Exodus 14 says the waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen of all the hosts of Pharaoh. And it specifically says that followed them into the sea not one remain and this is typical of how it works with Kings. Kings send their armies into the battle, maybe their armies are defeated, but they themselves are not in the midst fighting the battle themselves their lives are too valuable for that. Correction Note: From Spirit of Prophecy we know that the Pharaoh did die in the Red Sea crossing. The Lord is ruler of nations. The sequence of nature is under God’s jurisdiction. God works by His own laws, for He is a God of order. God works; Jesus worked when He was upon earth, holding back the impatient winds, controlling the tempests, calming the angry sea, and rolling up the mighty deep, piling up the walls, making a path for the more than a million of His people that He was delivering from Egyptian slavery, suffering not the hurricane of waters to pursue their natural course until every soul of Israel whom He had delivered was safely on the other side of the sea. Then the impetuous waters that had been held back for the saving of Israel, at His word, through the human agent lifting that rod–that simple stick– rushed on as before, and not one soul escaped of that vast army. Pharaoh and all his host were slain. {15MR 220.3} Also, we know that Ronald Wyatt saw a gold chariot wheel and its axle when diving down to the sea bed. Only a Pharaoh would have a gold chariot. |
| Similarly, Psalm 136:15 doesn’t say the miracle killed but rather overthrew Pharaoh. It doesn’t say that Pharaoh drowned in the sea crossing. In fact it implies that really he did not. Even if Pharaoh did die in the sea crossing we still would expect to have his mummy, because it says in Exodus 14:30 that Israel saw the Egyptians lying dead on the seashore. They saw the bodies of those who had drowned and, from the Egyptian perspective, then the most important body to recover would have been the body of the Pharaoh. So either way you look at it, you would expect to have a mummy of the Pharaoh of the Exodus.” |
| As confirmed under Dynasty 18, Amenhotep II [Biblical dating] reigned 6 years from 1451–1446 BC. |
| From the Djoser Egyptian reign starting in 2686 BC to the Amenhotep II reign ending in 1400 BC, we have 1286 years. |
| From the Biblical account, where the 19 year reign of Djoser almost fully overlaps the 7+7 Joseph years, we get Djoser starting his reign in 1722 BC and ending his reign in 1703 BC. |
| From the Biblical account, we know that the Red Sea crossing occurred in 1446 BC. |
| 1722 less 1446 gives 276 years; not 1286 years. |
| Therefore the Egyptian Dating must be proportionally reduced, so as to fit in with these Biblical time dates. |
| This proportional reduction will also be used for the Egyptian Dating prior to the time of Joseph / the Pharaoh Djoser as currently they commence at 3300 BC. This is obviously wrong given that the Great Flood destroyed all [except those within the Ark] and occurred in 2348 BC. |
| By such proportional reduction, the 3300 BC becoms 1854 BC. This is 494 years after the Flood, which is deemed an adequate time for the world population to expand from 8 into a number of millions. The biblical account states that approximately 600,000 male Israelites, excluding women and children, crossed the Red Sea, with a “mixed multitude” also accompanying them. Based on this biblical account, the total population of Israelites, including women and children, is estimated to have been in the range of 2.5 to 3 million. |
| A proportional reduction will also be used for the Egyptian Dating between the 1400 BC [which equates to 1446 BC being the Biblical Date for the Red Sea Crossing] and 943 BC, which is the date where Egyptian Dates equal those for the Biblical Dates. |
| The 943 BC date relates to the end of the Twenty-First Dynasty and the start of the Twenty-Second Dynasty of Egypt. |
| After this 943 BC date, the Egyptian Dating is also much more accurate / detailed giving, in some cases, the month and even the day. As such, all dates have been retained. |
| While the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs web-page has been used as the basis for the Egyptian Dating review and adjustment, it is noted that various individual wiki pharaoh web-pages conflict with this overall assessment. Hopefully, a review of these differences will be undertaken later as it is possible that the information relating to each Pharaoh may be more accurate. |
| Now we return to consider Shishak: |
| The Biblical Shishak king of Egypt is the Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonq I, also known as Hedjkheperre Setpenre – – Shoshenq I Meriamun |
| Hedjkheperre Setpenre – – Shoshenq I Meriamun – – Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). The biblical Shishak who reigned for 21 years – – 943–922 BC. |
| A Check: Before him ruled Psusennes III – – Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. |
| And after him ruled Sekhemkheperre Setepenre – – Osorkon I Meriamun – – Son of Shoshenq I. – – 922–887 BC. |
| c. 945 BC Psusennes II end of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 21]. |
| c. 945 BC Sheshonq I start of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 22 [Libyan]]. |
| 1 Kings 11:40 Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon. |
| 931 BC Solomon’s reign ends & Israel is divided into Israel & Judah [1 Kings 12, 13]. And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel [was] forty years [1 Kings 11:42]. Solomon dies age 61 of natural causes. The nation splits after Solomon. |
| 931 BC Rehoboam — king of Judah [Southern Kingdom] start — 17 years. |
| 931 BC Jeroboam I — king of Israel [Northern Kingdom] start — 22 years. |
| 926 BC Invasion by Shishak [1 Kings 14:25]. |
| 1 Kings 14:25 ¶ And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, [that] Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem: [926 BC] |
| Also recorded in: |
| 2 Chronicles 12:2 And it came to pass, [that] in the fifth year of king Rehoboam Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the LORD, |
| 2 Chronicles 12:3 With twelve hundred chariots, and threescore thousand horsemen: and the people [were] without number that came with him out of Egypt; the Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the Ethiopians. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:4 And he took the fenced cities which [pertained] to Judah, and came to Jerusalem. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:5 ¶ Then came Shemaiah the prophet to Rehoboam, and [to] the princes of Judah, that were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Ye have forsaken me, and therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:6 Whereupon the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves; and they said, The LORD [is] righteous. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:7 And when the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the Word of the LORD came to Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled themselves; [therefore] I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance; and my wrath shall not be poured out upon Jerusalem by the hand of Shishak. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:8 Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that they may know my service, and the service of the kingdoms of the countries. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:9 So Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king’s house; he took all: he carried away also the shields of gold which Solomon had made. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:10 Instead of which king Rehoboam made shields of brass, and committed [them] to the hands of the chief of the guard, that kept the entrance of the king’s house. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:11 And when the king entered into the house of the LORD, the guard came and fetched them, and brought them again into the guard chamber. |
| 2 Chronicles 12:12 And when he humbled himself, the WRATH of the LORD turned from him, that he would not destroy [him] altogether: and also in Judah things went well. |
| c. 924 BC Sheshonq I end of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 22 [Libyan]]. |
| c. 924 BC Osorkon I start of reign [Egyptian Dynasty 22 [Libyan]]. |
| Conclusion: The dates are agreeable with Shishak attacking Jerusalem after Solomon died in 931 BC and before 924 BC being the end of the reign of Shishak. The attack occurred in 926 BC; 4 years before the end of Shishak’s 21 year reign which ended in 922 BC. |
| Summary of the Egyptian Dynasties with [Biblically adjusted] Dates and Notes: |
| Pre-Dynastic Period |
| Prehistoric Egypt |
| Lower Egypt |
| Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. |
| Upper Egypt |
| Naqada III |
| Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt. |
| Dynasty 0 |
| Since a number of Pharaohs / Kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as “Dynasty 0”. |
| Early Dynastic Period of Egypt |
| The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from c. 1811 to 1722 BC and covers the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt. |
| The First Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1811 to c. 1766 BC. |
| The Second Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1766 to 1722 BC. |
| Old Kingdom of Egypt |
| The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 1722 to 1614 BC. |
| The Third Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1722 to 1706 BC. |
| The Fourth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1697 to 1681 BC. |
| The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 1681 to 1649 BC. |
| The Sixth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1649 to 1614 BC. |
| First Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The First Intermediate Period (1613–1588 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom. |
| The Seventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled in 1618 BC. |
| The Eighth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1618 to 1609 BC. |
| The Ninth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1609 to 1603 BC. |
| The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1603 to 1583 BC. |
| The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt. |
| The Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1604 to 1573 BC. |
| Middle Kingdom of Egypt |
| The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1573–1532 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. |
| The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. |
| The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. |
| The Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1573 to 1532 BC. |
| Second Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Second Intermediate Period (1532–1478 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt. |
| The Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1532 to c. 1499 BC. |
| The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1532 BC or towards the middle of it in c. 1513 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty. |
| The Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from either 1533 BC or c. 1513 BC until c. 1500 BC. |
| The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris, that ruled from either 1533 BC or c. 1513 BC until c. 1500 BC. |
| The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1505 to 1475 BC. |
| The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region. |
| Abydos Dynasty |
| The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1500 BC until 1489 BC. |
| The Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1499 to 1485 BC. |
| The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1499 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1485 BC. |
| The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only. |
| The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1500 to 1478 BC. |
| The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt. |
| New Kingdom of Egypt |
| The New Kingdom (1478–1087 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period. |
| Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt’s greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. |
| Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten, the sun god, is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. |
| The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1478 to 1324 BC. |
| The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1324 to 1210 BC and includes one of the most famous pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great. |
| The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1210 to 1087 BC. |
| Third Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Third Intermediate Period (1087–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. Two dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. |
| The Twenty-First Dynasty of Egypt was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. – – They ruled from 1087 to 943 BC. |
| Theban High Priests of Amun |
| Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs. 1091–943 BC. |
| The Twenty-Second Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 943 to 716 BC. |
| The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from c. 943 to 716 BC. |
| The Twenty-Third Dynasty of Egypt was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 728 BC. |
| The Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC. |
| Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye’s reign. Piye’s conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt which ruled until 656 BC. – – 720–656 BC. |
| Late Period of Ancient Egypt |
| The Late Period runs from c. 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians. |
| The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 664 to 525 BC. |
| The Twenty-Seventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 525 to 404 BC. |
| Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC by king Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus the Great, and remained Persian satrapy for more than one hundred years until regaining independence in 404 BC. The Achaemenid kings were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty: |
| The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh. |
| The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 398 to 380 BC. |
| The Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c. 340 BC. |
| The Thirty-First Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 340 to 332 BC. |
| Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty. |
| The Thirty-Second Dynasty of Egypt (Macedonian) ruled from 332 to 323 BC. |
| The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC. |
| The Argead Dynasty, also known as the Temenid Dynasty, was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 309 BC. |
| The Thirty-Third Dynasty of Egypt (Ptolemid) ruled from 323-30 BC. [Ptolemaic Dynasty] |
| The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar’s death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them. |
| Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans. |
| For information upon the secular Egyptian years and their adjusted Biblical years, please right click upon the link below: |
| Detailed Account of the Egyptian Dynasties with [Biblically adjusted] Dates and Notes: |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs |
| Pre-Dynastic Period |
| Prehistoric Egypt |
| 1920 BC Genesis 12:10 ¶ And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine [was] grievous in the land. The famine in Canaan; Abram [aged 76] goes down into Egypt to sojourn there [Genesis 12:10] — a journey of about 225 miles. Regarding Genesis 12:10-20, we do not know the name of the Pharaoh at this time. [The Egyptian secular date would be 3610–3607 BC] |
| [1911 BC God’s covenant with Abram [Genesis 15:18-21].] |
| [1911 BC Hagar, Sarai [Sarah] Egyptian maid, conceives Ishmael by Abraham [Genesis 16:3-4].] |
| [1910 BC Abram [Abraham] 86 years when Ishmael born [Genesis 16:15-16] [generation 21].] |
| [1896 BC ISAAC born to Abraham [age 100] & Sarah [90] [Genesis 17:17 & 21:3-5] [generation 21].] |
| [1876 BC Abraham [age 120] called by God to offer Isaac [age 20] [Genesis 22] – start of the 430 YEAR PROPHECY. Feast of Unleavened Bread (Passover) (Pesach) – Nisan [also called Abib] 15-21, 1885 = April 7-13, 1876 BC. See also Exodus 12:41 regarding the self same day.] |
| [1836 BC ESAU and JACOB [twins] born to Isaac [age 60] & Rebekah [Genesis 25:26] [generation 22].] |
| [1821 BC Abraham dies age 175 years [Genesis 25:7-8].] |
| [1817 BC Eber dies age 464 years [Genesis 11:16-17].] |
| [c. 1814 BC Lot dies age 140.] |
| The Pre-Dynastic Period ends c. 1811 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom. |
| Lower Egypt |
| Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. |
| The following list may be incomplete: |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| […]pu – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| The Palermo Stone is one of seven surviving fragments of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The stele contained a list of the kings of Egypt from the First Dynasty through to the early part of the Fifth Dynasty and noted significant events in each year of their reigns. |
| Hsekiu / Seka – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| Khayu – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| Tiu / Teyew – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| Thesh / Tjesh – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| Neheb – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| [1856 BC Isaac marries Rebekah [Genesis 24:61-67]. Isaac 40 years when he marries Rebekah [Genesis 25:20].] |
| Wazner – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – c. 1852 BC. |
| [1846 BC Shem dies age 600 years [Genesis 11:10-11].] |
| Mekh – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| […]a – – Only known from the Palermo stone – – Unknown |
| Hedju Hor – – Only known from two clay jugs from Tura, Egypt – – Naqada II c. 1843 BC. |
| Ny-Hor – – Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name “Narmer”. – – Naqada II c. 1841 BC. |
| Ni-Neith Only known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is uncertain. c. 1839 BC. |
| [1837 BC Japheth dies age 611 years.] |
| [1836 BC ESAU and JACOB [twins] born to Isaac [age 60] & Rebekah [Genesis 25:26] [generation 22].] |
| Hat-Hor – – Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name “Narmer”. – – c. 1837 BC. |
| [Double Falcon] – – May also have ruled in Upper Egypt – – c. 1834 BC. |
| Wash – – Only known from the Narmer Palette – – c. 1822 BC. |
| [1821 BC Abraham dies age 175 years [Genesis 25:7-8].] |
| [1808 BC Esau sells his birthright [Genesis 25:29-34].] |
| [1773 BC Ishmael dies age 137 years [Genesis 25:17].] |
| Upper Egypt |
| Naqada III |
| Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt. |
| Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 0: |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| A (?) – – Only known from a graffito discovered in the Western Desert in 2004. This ruler is otherwise unattested. – – c. 1828 BC. |
| [Finger Snail] – – The existence of this king is very doubtful. – – Naqada III |
| [Fish] – – Only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed. – – Naqada III |
| [Elephant] – – More than likely never existed – – Naqada III |
| [Stork] – – — – – Naqada III |
| [Bull] – – — – – c. 1849 BC. Naqada III |
| [1846 BC Shem dies age 600 years [Genesis 11:10-11].] |
| [Scorpion I] – – — – – c. 1844 BC. |
| Pre-dynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 |
| Dynasty 0 |
| Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as “Dynasty 0”. |
| The following list of pre-dynastic rulers may be incomplete: |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| [Crocodile] – – Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed. – – c. 1826 BC. |
| Iry-Hor – – Correct chronological position unclear. – – c. 1826 BC. |
| Ka – – Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear. – – c. 1826 BC. |
| [Scorpion II] – – Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer. – – c. 1826 BC. |
| [c. 1825 BC Lot, now old and living in a cave with his 2 daughters, is made drunk for reproduction. The older daughter conceives Moab [from the father], father of the Moabites and the the younger conceives Ben-Ammi [Son of my people], father of the Ammonites. [Genesis 19:30-38].] |
| [1821 BC Abraham dies age 175 years [Genesis 25:7-8].] |
| Early Dynastic Period of Egypt |
| The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from c. 1811 to 1722 BC and covers the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt. |
| The First Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1811 to c. 1766 BC. |
| Name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Narmer – – Menes? – – Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes, due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this. His name is widely attested across Egypt, and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel, which is much farther afield than his predecessors. – – c. 1822 BC. |
| [1808 BC Esau sells his birthright [Genesis 25:29-34].] |
| [1807 BC Isaac and Abimelech, king of the Philistines [Genesis 26].] |
| Hor-Aha – – Teti – – Greek form: Athotís. May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely. Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign. Possibly the son of Narmer. – – c. 1800 BC. |
| [1796 BC Esau marries Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite [Genesis 26:34].] |
| Djer – – Iti – – Greek form: Kenkenes. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt’s North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer’s reign. – – c. 1789 BC. |
| Djet – – Ita – – Greek form: Ouenephes. Indications show that Djet did not reign for long. – – c. 1785 BC. |
| [c. 1780 BC Rachel born to Laban & Adina? [f]. Laban is uncle to Jacob.] |
| Merneith – – — – – Possibly the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period. c. 1779 BC. |
| Den – – Sepati – – Greek form: Ousaphaidos. Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut-biti (dual king) name, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown (pschent) of upper and lower Egypt. A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power. Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo stone. – – c. 1782 – c. 1773 BC. |
| Adjib – – Merybiap – – Greek form: Miebidos. Known for his ominous nebwy-title. – – c. 1774 BC. |
| [1773 BC Ishmael dies age 137 years [Genesis 25:17].] |
| Semerkhet – – Semsu – – Greek form: Semempses. – – First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper. – – c. 1772 BC. |
| Qa’a – – Qebeh – – Greek form: Bienekhes. Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. – – c. 1771 BC. |
| Sneferka – – — – – Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. – – c. 1768 BC. |
| [Horus Bird] – – — – – Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. – – c. 1768 BC. |
| The Second Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1766 to 1722 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Hotepsekhemwy – – Bedjatau – – Manetho names him Boëthos and reports that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa’ab, where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital. – – c. 1766 BC. |
| [1759 BC Jacob gets Isaac’s blessing [Genesis 27]. Jacob [age 77] leaves Canaan, goes to Haran and works for Laban [Genesis 28]. Jacob’s vision of a ladder [Genesis 28:10]. Jacob serves Laban [Genesis 29].] |
| Nebra – – Kakau – – Greek form: Kaíechos (after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw). First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. – – c. 1757 BC. |
| [1752 BC Jacob [age 84] marries Leah [Genesis 29:21-27].] |
| [1752-1745 BC Jacob and his sons [Genesis 30:1-21]. Jacob’s sons form the 12 TRIBES OF JUDAH / ISRAEL. |
| Nynetjer Banetjer Greek form: Binothris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. c. 1741 – c. 1731 BC. |
| [c. 1739 BC Jacob [age 97] leaves Haran and returns to Canaan after 40 years [Genesis 31]. Rachel dies [Genesis 35:18]. Rachel dies in child birth — age about 41 years. Jacob buries Rachel by the side of the road where she died. [Genesis 35:19-20].] |
| Ba – – — – – May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird. – – Unknown |
| Weneg-Nebty – – — – – Greek form: Ougotlas / Tlás. Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat, or Raneb. – – c. 1734 BC. |
| Wadjenes – – Wadjenes – – Greek form: Tlas May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg-Nebty. – – c. 1734 BC. |
| Nubnefer – – — – – May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer. – – Unknown |
| Senedj – – — – – Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed. – – — |
| Seth-Peribsen – – Peribsen – – Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt. – – c. 1734 BC. |
| [c. 1730 BC Jacob named Israel [Genesis 35:9-10].] |
| Sekhemib – – Sekhemib-Perenmaat – – Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen. – – c. 1729 BC. |
| Neferkara I – – — – – Greek form: Nephercheres. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. – – c. 1734 BC. |
| Neferkasokar – – — – – Greek form: Sesochris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long-lasting drought. – – c. 1734 BC. |
| Horus Sa – – — – – May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear. – – Unknown |
| — – – (“Hudjefa”) – – Known only from Ramesside king lists, his “name” is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times. – – — |
| [1728 BC Joseph’s dreams and betrayal [Genesis 37].] |
| [1728 BC Joseph [age 17] sold by his brothers [Genesis 37:2] into slavery [Genesis 37:25].] |
| Khasekhemwy – – Beb(e)ty – – Greek form: Cheneres. It is probable that when Khasekhem acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt, he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy. His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. He was one of Egypt’s first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as Shunet-ez-Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure. – – c. 1726 – c. 1722 BC. |
| Old Kingdom of Egypt |
| The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 1722 to 1614 BC. |
| The Third Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1722 to 1706 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Netjerikhet – – Djoser – – Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosorthros. – – c. 1722 – c. 1703 BC. |
| [c. 1720 BC Potiphar’s wife accuses Joseph [Genesis 39:7].] |
| [c. 1720 BC Joseph imprisoned [Genesis 39:20].] |
| [c. 1718 BC The cupbearer and the baker’s dreams [Genesis 40].] |
| [c. 1716 BC Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams [Genesis 41].] |
| [1716 BC Isaac dies age 180 years [Genesis 35:28-29].] |
| c. 1715 BC Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect [Djoser] and scribe Imhotep [Joseph]. |
| [1706 BC Jacob [age 130] and family migrates to Goshen, Egypt to live [Genesis 46.1-7 & 47:9; cf. Exodus 12:40 – 41].] |
| Sekhemkhet – – (Djoser-)Teti – – Greek form: Tyreis (after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, Teti). – – c. 1703–c. 1701 BC. |
| In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found. |
| Sanakht – – Nebka? – – Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherochis and Necherophes. Possible identification with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon. – – c. 1701–1700 BC. |
| Qahedjet – – — – – Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III, correct chronological position unknown. – – Unknown |
| Khaba – – — – – Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni. – – c. 1700–c. 1698 BC. |
| Huni – – Greek form: Aches. – – c.1698–c. 1697 BC. |
| Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu, not Huni. |
| The Fourth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1697 to 1681 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Nebmaat – – Sneferu – – Greek form: Soris. – – c. 1697–c. 1692 BC. |
| Reign gave him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu’s work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler. |
| Medjedu (Khnum-) Khufu Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. – – c. 1692–c. 1690 BC. |
| Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu’s reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods. |
| Kheper – – Djedefre – – Greek form: Ratoises. – – c. 1690–c. 1689 BC. |
| Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made. |
| [1689 BC After 17 years in Egypt, Jacob dies age 147 years [Genesis 47:28 & 49:33].] |
| Userib – – Khafre – – Greek form: Chephren and Suphis II. – – c. 1689–c. 1687 BC. |
| His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau. |
| Baka/Bakare – – Greek form: Bikheris. – – c. 1691 BC. |
| Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el’Aryan. Possibly fictional. |
| Kakhet – – Menkaure – – Greek form: Mencheres. – – c. 1689–c. 1683 BC. |
| His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow. |
| Shepeskhet – – Shepseskaf – – Greek form: Sebercheres. – – c. 1683–c. 1682 |
| Owner of the Mastabat el-Fara’un. |
| – (Thamphthis) – – According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional. c. 1682 BC. |
| The Fifth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1681 to 1649 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Irimaat – – Userkaf – – Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir. – – c. 1681–c. 1680 BC. |
| Sahure – – Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid. c. 1680–c. 1677 BC. |
| Neferirkare – – Kakai – – Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer – – c. 1677–c. 1675 BC. |
| Neferefre – – Izi – – Son of Neferirkare – – c. 1673–c. 1673 BC. |
| Shepseskare – – Netjeruser – – Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure. – – A few months c. 1673 BC. |
| Nyuserre – – Ini – – Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis. – – 1670–1665 BC. |
| Menkauhor – – Ikau – – Last pharaoh to build a sun temple – – 1665–1664 BC. |
| Djedkare – – Isesi – – Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty. – – 1664–1655 BC. |
| Unas – – The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts. He also constructed Unas’s causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place. – – 1655–1649 BC. |
| The Sixth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1649 to 1614 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| — – – Teti – – According to Manetho, he was murdered. – – 1649–1646 BC. |
| Userkare – – Reigned one to five years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti – – 1646–1646 BC. |
| Meryre – – Pepi I – – Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty – – 1646–1636 BC. |
| Merenre – – Nemtyemsaf I – – Reformed the administration of Upper Egypt by decentralization, received the submission of Lower Nubia – – 1636–1634 BC. |
| [1635 BC Joseph died age 110 years [Genesis 50:22-26].] |
| [1635-1549 BC Israelites multiply in Egypt [Exodus 1:7].] |
| Neferkare – – Pepi II – – A long reigning monarch with 20 years on the throne. – – 1634–1614 BC. |
| — – – Neferka – – Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. Possibly writing mistake for “Neferkare” – – 1615–1615 BC. |
| Merenre – – Nemtyemsaf II – – Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II. – – c. 1614 BC. |
| Netjerkare I Neitiqerty Siptah (Nitocris) This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho. Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties. – – Short reign: c. 1614–1613 BC. |
| First Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The First Intermediate Period (1613–1588 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom. |
| The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine. |
| The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. c. 1587 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom. |
| The Seventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled in 1618 BC and The Eighth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1618 to 1609 BC. |
| The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 9 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath’s Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen as well as from Kim Ryholt’s latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Khui – – — – – Attested to by a relief fragment with the cartouche of Khui from a mastaba in Dara. – – Duration unknown, c. 1607 BC.? |
| Menkare – – — – – Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit. Probably short, – – c. 1614 BC. |
| Neferkare II – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferkare III – – Neby – – Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara. – – Unknown |
| Djedkare Shemai – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferkare IV – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Merenhor – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferkamin I / Sneferka – – — – – Unknown |
| Nikare – – — – – Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal. – – Unknown |
| Neferkare V – – Tereru – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferkahor – – — – – Attested by a cylinder seal. – – Unknown |
| Neferkare VI – – Pepiseneb – – — – – Unknown to 1611 BC. |
| Neferkamin Anu – – — – – — – – c. 1611 BC. |
| Qakare – – Ibi – – Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts – – 1612–1611 BC. |
| Neferkaure – – — – – Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos. – – 1611–1610 BC. |
| Neferkauhor – – Khuwihapi – – Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay. – – 1610–1609 BC. |
| Neferirkare – – Pepi – – Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min. – – 1609–1609 BC. |
| The Ninth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1609 to 1603 BC. |
| The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial. |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Meryibre Khety I (Acthoes I) Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty. 1609 BC.–unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferkare VII – – — – – Unknown |
| Nebkaure Khety II (Acthoes II) – – — – – Unknown |
| Senen[…] or Setut – – — – – Unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| Mery[…] – – — – – Unknown |
| Shed[… – – — – – Unknown |
| H[…] – – — – – Unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| User(?)[…] – – — – – Unknown |
| Imhotep – – — – – Ephemeral ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. Only known from two rock inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat. Correct chronological position unknown. – – Unknown |
| The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1603 to 1583 BC. |
| The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt. |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Meryhathor – – — – – 1603 BC.–Unknown |
| Neferkare VIII — — – – Between 1603 and 1583 BC. |
| Wahkare Khety III (Acthoes III) — – – Unknown |
| Merykare – – — – – Unknown–1583 BC. |
| Name lost – – — – – Few months |
| The Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1604 to 1573 BC. |
| The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th Dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt. |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Intef the Elder – – Theban nomarch (Iry-pat) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty. – – Unknown |
| The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Tepia – – Mentuhotep I – – Nominally a Theban nomarch (Tepy-a) but may have ruled independently. – – Unknown–1603 BC. |
| Sehertawy – – Intef I – – First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. – – 1603–1600 BC. |
| Wahankh – – Intef II – – Conquered Abydos and its nome. – – 1600–1589 BC. |
| Nakhtnebtepnefer – – Intef III – – Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome. – – 1589–1588 BC. |
| Middle Kingdom of Egypt |
| [1635-1549 BC Israelites multiply in Egypt [Exodus 1:7].] |
| The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1583–1532 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. |
| The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. |
| Eleventh Dynasty cont. |
| The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c. 1578 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom. 1588–1583 BC. (King of Upper Egypt only) 1583–1577 BC. (King of Upper and Lower Egypt) |
| Sankhkare – – Mentuhotep III – – Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom. – – 1577–1574 BC. |
| Nebtawyre – – Mentuhotep IV – – Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I. – – 1574–1573 BC. |
| Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Menkhkare – – Segerseni – – Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. – – Early 16th century BC. |
| Qakare Ini Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. – – Early 16th century BC. |
| Iyibkhentre – – Geregtaw(y)ef – – Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. – – Early 16th century BC. |
| The Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1573 to 1532 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Sehetepibre – – Amenemhat I (Ammanemes I) – – Amenemhat I was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II at Lisht. He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called Itjtawy. Amenemhat I was probably assassinated. – – 1573–1567 BC. |
| Kheperkare – – Senusret I (Sesonchosis) – – Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt, including the temple of Amun at Karnak. Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes. He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid. – – 1569–1559 BC. |
| Nubkaure – – Amenemhat II (Ammenemes II) – – Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals. The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns. Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dashur. – – 1560–1552 BC. |
| Khakheperre – – Senusret II – – (No name given by Manetho) – – Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign. He also built a pyramid at Lahun. – – 1553–1549 BC. |
| [1549 Israelites oppressed by new king [Exodus 1:8-22].] |
| [Exodus 1:8 Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph. [Acts 7:18] [This Pharaoh / King was Khakaure – – Senusret III (Sesostris). He was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty and very radical in his actions – also got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts.] |
| [1549 BC Hebrew slavery begins [Exodus 1:11].] |
| [1549 BC Hebrew midwives ordered to destroy all Hebrew male children [Exodus 1:15-20].] |
| [1549 Pharaoh’s order to kill firstborn [Exodus 1:21-22].] |
| Khakaure – – Senusret III (Sesostris) – – Senusret III got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts. He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his 8th, 10th, 16th, and 18th regnal years. Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty. – – 1549–1540 BC. |
| Nimaatre – – Amenemhat III (Lamares) – – Amenemhat III further developed the Fayyum as an agricultural region. He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid, the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient Greek authors. – – 1545–1535 BC. |
| Maakherure – – Amenemhat IV (Ammenemes) – – Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso. – – 1535–1533 BC. |
| Sobekkare – – Sobekneferu (Skemiophris) – – The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh. – – 1533–1532 BC. |
| The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty. |
| Second Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Second Intermediate Period (1532–1478 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt. |
| The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1532 BC or towards the middle of it in c. 1513 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty. |
| The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and c. 1515 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab’a/Khata’na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1500 BC, the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter. |
| Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom. |
| The Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1532 to c. 1499 BC. |
| The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1532 to c. 1499 BC. |
| This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Sekhemre Khutawy – – Sobekhotep I – – Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies. – – 1532–1532 BC. |
| Mehibtawy Sekhemkare – – Amenemhat Sonbef – – Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV 1532–1531 BC. |
| Nerikare Sobek – – […] – – Attested on a Nile record from Semna. – – 1531 BC. |
| Sekhemkare – – Amenemhat V – – Ruled for 3 to 4 years. – – 1531–1530 BC. |
| — – – Ameny Qemau – – Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur. – – 1531–1530 BC. |
| Hotepibre Qemau – – Siharnedjheritef – – Also called Sehotepibre. – – 1530–1530 BC. |
| — – – Iufni – – Only attested on the Turin canon. Very short reign. – – c. 1530–1529 BC. |
| Seankhibre – – Amenemhat VI – – Attested on the Turin Canon. – – 1529–1529 BC. |
| Semenkare – – Nebnuni – – Attested on the Turin Canon. – – 1528–1528 BC or 1519 BC. |
| Sehetepibre – – Sewesekhtawy – – Attested on the Turin Canon. – – 1528–1528 BC. |
| — – – Sewadjkare I — – – Known only from the Turin canon. – – 1528 BC. |
| — – – Nedjemibre — – – Known only from the Turin canon. – – 7 months, 1528 BC or 1518 BC. |
| Khaankhre – – Sobekhotep – – Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies. – – 1528–1527 BC. |
| — – – Renseneb – – — – – 4 months 1527 BC. |
| Awybre – – Hor – – Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue. – – 1527–1526 BC. |
| Sekhemrekhutawy – – Khabaw — Possibly a son of Hor Awibre. – – 1526–1526 BC. |
| Djedkheperew – – — – – Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer, 1526–1525 BC. |
| — – – Sebkay – – Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay. |
| Sedjefakare Kay – – Amenemhat – – A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. – – 1525–1525 BC. |
| Khutawyre – – Wegaf – – Founder of the dynasty in old studies. – – c. 1525 BC. |
| Userkare – – Khendjer – – Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara. – – c. 1524 BC. |
| Smenkhkare – – Imyremeshaw – – Attested by two colossal statues – – Reigned started 1523 BC or 1513 BC. |
| Sehetepkare – – Intef IV – – — |
| Meribre Seth – – — – – Reign ended 1521 BC. |
| Sekhemresewadjtawy – – Sobekhotep III. – – 1522–1521 BC. |
| Khasekhemre – – Neferhotep I – – 1521–1519 BC. |
| Menwadjre Sihathor – – Ephemeral – – Coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently. – – 1519 BC. |
| Khaneferre – – Sobekhotep IV – – — – – 1519–1517 BC. |
| Merhotepre – – Sobekhotep V – – — – – 1517 BC. |
| Khahotepre – – Sobekhotep VI – – — – – c. 1516 BC. |
| Wahibre – – Ibiau – – — – – 1516–1513 BC or 1513–1511 BC. |
| Merneferre – – Ay I – – Longest reigning king of the dynasty. – – 1511–1505 BC or 1513–1508 BC. |
| Merhotepre – – Ini – – Possibly a son of his predecessor. – – 1505–1505 BC or 1508–1508 BC. |
| Sankhenre – – Sewadjtu – – Attested only on the Turin canon. – – 1505–1504 BC. |
| Mersekhemre – – Ined – – May be the same person as Neferhotep II – – 1504–1504 BC. |
| Sewadjkare II – – Hori – – — – – — |
| Merkawre – – Sobekhotep VII – – — – – 1503–1502 BC. |
| Name lost – – Seven kings. Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon. – – — – – 1502 BC.–? |
| Name lost |
| Name lost |
| Name lost |
| Name lost |
| Name lost |
| Name lost |
| Mer[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Merkheperre – – — – – — – – Some time between 1502 BC and 1499 BC. |
| Merkare – – — – – Attested only on the Turin canon. – – Some time between 1502 BC and 1499 BC. |
| Name lost — Unknown |
| Sewadjare – – Mentuhotep V – – — – – c. 1501 BC. |
| […]mosre — – – — – – Unknown |
| Ibi […]maatre — – – — – – Unknown |
| Hor[…] […]webenre — – – — – – Unknown |
| Se[…]kare – – — – – Unknown – – Unknown |
| Seheqenre – – Sankhptahi – – May be the son of his predecessor. – – Between 1502 and 1499 BC. |
| […]re – – — – – Unknown – – Unknown |
| Se[…]enre – – — – – Unknown – – Unknown–1499 BC. |
| The position of the following kings is uncertain: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Djedhotepre – – Dedumose I – – Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty. – – c. 1501 BC. |
| Djedneferre – – Dedumose II – – Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty. – – Unknown |
| Maare – – Sobekhotep IX – – Late 13th dynasty. – – Unknown |
| Sewahenre – – Senebmiu – – Late 13th dynasty. – – After 1502 BC. |
| Mershepsesre – – Ini II – – Late 13th dynasty. – – Unknown |
| Menkhaure – – Snaaib – – Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty. – – Unknown |
| The Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from either 1533 BC or c. 1513 BC until c. 1500 BC. |
| The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris, that ruled from either 1533 BC or c. 1513 BC until c. 1500 BC. |
| Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list. It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Sekhaenre – – Yakbim – – Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt. – – 1533–1528 BC. |
| Nubwoserre – – Ya’ammu – – Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt. – – 1528–1525 BC. |
| Khawoserre – – Qareh – – Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt. – – 1525–1523 BC. |
| Aahotepre – – ‘Ammu – – Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt. – – 1523–1520 BC. |
| Maaibre – – Sheshi – – Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt. Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos. – – 1520–1511 BC. |
| Aasehre – – Nehesy – – Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi. – – c. 1511 BC. |
| Khakherewre – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Nebefawre – – — – – — – – c. 1511 BC. |
| Sehebre – – — – – Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh. – – c. 1511 to 1510 BC. |
| Merdjefare – – — – – Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh. – – c. 1510 BC. |
| Sewadjkare III – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Nebdjefare – – — – – — – – 1509 BC. |
| Webenre – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| […]djefare – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| […]webenre – – — – – — – – c. 1508 BC. |
| Awibre II – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Heribre – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Nebsenre – – Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen – – At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1508 BC and 1499 BC. |
| Name lost – – — – – Unknown |
| […]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Sekheperenre – – — – – Attested by a single scarab seal. – – 2 months, some time between 1508 BC and 1499 BC. |
| Djedkherewre – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Sankhibre II – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Nefertum[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Sekhem[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Kakemure – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Neferibre – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – I[…]re – – — – – Unknown |
| Khakare – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| Akare – – — – – Only known from the Turin canon. – – Unknown |
| Semenenre – – Hapu – – — – – Unknown |
| Djedkare – – Anati – – Only known from the Turin canon. – – Unknown |
| — – – Bebnum – – Only known from the Turin canon. – – Some time between 1508 BC and 1499 BC. |
| Name lost – – Eight lines lost in the Turin canon. – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Senefer[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – Men[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – Djed[…]re – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Three lines lost in the Turin canon. – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost. – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost. – – Unknown |
| — – – Ink[… – – — – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – ‘A[…] – – — – – Only known from the Turin canon. Name may be read as “Ineb” according to Alan Gardiner. – – Unknown |
| — – – ‘Apepi – – Possibly attested as a king’s son by 5 scarabs-seals. – – c. 1499 BC. |
| — – – Name lost – – Five lines lost in the Turin canon. – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| — – – Name lost – – Unknown |
| The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| — – – Khamure – – — – – Unknown |
| — – – Nuya – – Attested by a scarab-seal. – – Unknown |
| — – – Sheneh – – May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare. – – Unknown |
| — – – Shenshek – – Attested by a scarab-seal. – – Unknown |
| — – – Wazad – – May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare. – – c. 1510 BC.? |
| — – – Yakareb – – — – – Unknown |
| Meruserre – – Yaqub-Har – – May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos. – – 17th–16th centuries BC. |
| The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list. |
| The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1505 to 1475 BC. |
| The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| — – – (Salitis) – – Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty. – – c. 1500 BC. |
| — – – Semqen – – Chronological position uncertain. – – 1499 BC–Unknown |
| — – – ‘Aper-‘Anat – – Chronological position uncertain. – – Unknown |
| — – – Sakir-Har – – — – – Unknown |
| Meruserre – – Yaqub-Har – – From Turin papyrus. |
| Seuserenre – – Khyan – – Apex of the Hyksos’ power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign. |
| Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Auserre – – Apepi – – — – – 1487 BC? |
| Nakhtyre / Hotepibre – – Khamudi – – — – – 1479–1477 BC. |
| Abydos Dynasty |
| The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1500 BC until 1489 BC. |
| Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order: |
| Prenomen – – – Nomen – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Woseribre – – Senebkay – – Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[…]re of the Turin canon. – – c. 1500 BC. |
| Menkhaure – – Snaaib – – May belong to the late 13th Dynasty. – – Uncertain |
| Sekhemrekhutawy – – Pantjeny – – May belong to the late 16th Dynasty. – – Uncertain |
| Sekhemraneferkhau – – Wepwawetemsaf – – May belong to the late 16th Dynasty. – – Uncertain |
| […]hebre – – — – – Only known from the Turin Canon. Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty. – – Uncertain |
| The Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1499 to 1485 BC. |
| The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1499 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1485 BC. |
| The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| — – – — – – Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered. – – Unknown |
| Sekhemresementawy – – Djehuti |
| Sekhemreseusertawy – – Sobekhotep VIII |
| Sekhemresankhtawy – – Neferhotep III |
| Seankhenre – – Mentuhotepi – – May be a king of the 17th Dynasty – – < 1 year |
| Sewadjenre – – Nebiryraw I |
| Neferkare (?) – – Nebiryraw II – – — – – c. 1489 BC. |
| Semenre – – — – – — – – c. 1489 BC. |
| Seuserenre – – Bebiankh |
| [1487 BC Joshua born to Nun & ? [f]. He was from the tribe of Ephraim and was born in Egypt, states the Jewish Virtual Library and Wikipedia. ] |
| Djedhotepre – – Dedumose I – – May be a king of the 13th Dynasty. – – c. 1486–1485 BC. |
| [1486 BC Moses kills an Egyptian and because of this impulsive act he flees from Egypt and from Pharaoh [Exodus 2:11-13].] |
| [1486 BC Moses spends the next 40 years [to 1446 BC] working as a shepherd for Jethro in Midian [Exodus 3:1 & Acts 7:30].] |
| Djedneferre – – Dedumose II – – — – – c. 1486–1485 BC. |
| Djedankhre Montemsaf – – — – – c. 1487 BC. |
| Merankhre Mentuhotep VI – – — – – Short reign. – – c. 1486 BC. |
| Seneferibre – – Senusret IV – – — – – Unknown |
| Sekhemre – – Shedwast – – May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II. – – Unknown |
| The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain. |
| The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1500 to 1478 BC. |
| The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Sekhemrewahkhaw – – Rahotep – – — – – c. 1493 BC. |
| Sekhemre Wadjkhaw – – Sobekemsaf I |
| Sekhemre Shedtawy – – Sobekemsaf II – – His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX. – – Unknown to c. 1483 BC. |
| Sekhemre-Wepmaat – – Intef V – – — – – c. 1483–1483 BC. |
| Nubkheperre – – Intef VI – – c. 1483 to c. 1481 BC. |
| Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat – – Intef VII – – — – – c. 1482 BC. |
| Senakhtenre Ahmose the Elder – – — – – c. 1480 BC. |
| Seqenenre – – Tao – – Died in battle against the Hyksos. – – 1480–1479 BC. |
| Wadjkheperre – – Kamose – – — – – 1479–1478 BC. |
| The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain. |
| New Kingdom of Egypt |
| The New Kingdom (1478–1087 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, from the 15th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period. |
| Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt’s greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. |
| Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. |
| The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 1478 to 1324 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Nebpehtire – – Ahmose I (Ahmosis I) – – Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos. – – 1478-1471 BC or 1476-1471 BC. |
| Djeserkare – – Amenhotep I – – Son of Ahmose I. Amenhotep I led campaigns in Nubia down to the 3rd Nile cataract. He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location. It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents. – – 1471-1466 BC. |
| Aakheperkare – – Thutmose I – – Believed to be of non-royal origin. His mother is known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 92 years. Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia, he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River. He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut. – – 1466-1464 BC. |
| Aakheperenre – – Thutmose II – – Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Ahmose I through his mother, Mutnofret. – – 1464-1463 BC. |
| Maatkare – – Hatshepsut – – The second known female ruler of Egypt. Ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt’s power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II. – – 1463–1458 BC. |
| Menkheperre – – Thutmose III – – Son of Thutmose II. He ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt’s Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut’s name and image from temples and monuments. – – 1463–1451 BC. |
| [1446 BC Israelites groan in slavery [Exodus 2:23].] |
| [1446 BC God from Mt Horeb [also called Mt Sinai] tells Moses to return to Egypt and that He would free the Israelites from slavery [Exodus 3-6].] |
| [1446 BC Moses [age 80] & Aaron [age 83] speak to Pharaoh [Exodus 7:7]. THE 10 PLAGUES on Egypt [Exodus 7-12].] |
| Aakheperrure – – Amenhotep II – – Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt’s Power. – – 1451–1446 BC. |
| Amenhotep – First born of Amenhotep II dies in the 10th Plague. – – 1446 BC. |
| [1446 BC THE EXODUS [The Wilderness] starts – Passover of the Exodus [Exodus 13-18]. End of the 430 YEAR PROPHECY [Exodus 12:40-41].] |
| [Exodus 12:40 ¶ Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, [was] four hundred and thirty years.] |
| [Exodus 12:41 And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the LAND of EGYPT.] |
| [Jews say that Exodus 12:41, the event of the Israelites leaving Egypt, occurred on the 15th day of the Jewish month of Nisan (also known as Abib). This date is significant as it marks the beginning of the holiday of Passover, which commemorates the Exodus. The Exodus is traditionally dated to the spring season, and Nisan is the first month of the Jewish calendar. Passover Sacrifice (Pesach) – Nisan [also called Abib] 14, 2315 = April 22, 1446 BC and the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Passover) (Pesach) – Nisan 15-21, 2315 = April 23-29, 1446 BC.] The 430 years refers to the time between when Abraham [age 120] was called by God to offer Isaac (1876 BC) to the day of the Exodus.] |
| [1446 BC Moses receives THE TEN COMMANDMENTS [Exodus 20].] |
| [1445 BC THE TABERNACLE is erected and filled [Exodus 40].] |
| Menkheperure – – Thutmose IV – – Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt’s Power. – – 1446–1435 BC. |
| [1406 BC THE EXODUS ends after 40 years in THE WILDERNESS. Note: 4004-1406=2598 years. For Sabbath Year calculations: 2598 less 1 =2597 divided by 7 gives 371 completed Sabbath Years to the Wilderness exit. In Gematria, 371 = Place of Suffering.] |
| [1406 BC The Israelite people CROSS THE RIVER JORDAN and enter [Canaan] THE PROMISED LAND [Joshua 3:14 – 17]. Exactly 40 years earlier they left Goshen. Note: 4004-1406=2598 years. For Jubilee calculations: 2598 less 1 =2597 divided by 49 gives 53 completed Jubilees to the Promised Land. In Gematria, 53 = Faithful Witness.] |
| [Observation: Amenhotep died in the 10th Plague – Amenhotep II died in the Red Sea crossing – Amenhotep III was the Pharaoh at the time of the crossing into the Promised Land.] |
| Nebmaatre – – Amenhotep III – – Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV. – – 1435–1392 BC. |
| Neferkheperure Waenre – – Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (Achencheres) – – Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change. – – 1392–1374 BC. |
| Ankhkheperure – – Smenkhkare – – Married to Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaten. Identity and sex of Smenkhare is uncertain, with suggestions they were either male relative of Akhenaten, or Queen Nefertiti, main wife of Akhenaten, who took ceremonial male identity as King. It’s unknown if Smenkhkare ever was sole ruler, or if they died as co-regent of Akhenaten. – – 1378–1375 BC or 1374–1372 BC. |
| Ankhkheperure – – Neferneferuaten – – Female pharaoh. Speculated to be former queen consort Neferneferuaten Nefertiti, because of name similarity. Might have been the same person as Smenkhkare, as they shared the same throne name; alternatively Neferneferuaten was ruling queen, while Smenkhkare was a male king. – – 1374–1369 BC. |
| Nebkheperure – – Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun – – Believed to be a son of Akhenaten. He reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname “The Boy King.” He became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62. – – 1369–1359 BC. |
| Kheperkheperure – – Ay II – – Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir. – – 1359–1356 BC. |
| Djeserkheperure Setpenre – – Horemheb – – Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir. – – 1356–1324 BC. |
| The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1324 to 1210 BC and includes one of the most famous pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Menpehtire – – Ramesses I – – Already Grand Vizier, of non-royal birth. – – Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir. – – 1324–1322 BC. |
| Menmaatre – – Seti I – – Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten. – – 1322–1310 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenre (Ozymandias) – – Ramesses II the Great – – Continued expanding Egypt’s territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh which started in May 1274 and ended in 1274 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1259 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments. – – 1310–1237 BC. |
| Banenre – – Merneptah – – Thirteenth son of Ramesses II. – – 1237–1225 BC. |
| Menmire Setpenre – – Amenmesse – – Most likely a usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah. – – 1225–1222 BC. |
| Userkheperure – – Seti II – – Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne. – – 1225–1219 BC. |
| Sekhaenre / Akhenre (Merenptah) Siptah Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age. – – 1219–1212 BC. |
| Satre Merenamun – – Tausret – – Seti II’s widow, initially regent for Pharaoh Siptah, then briefly sole Pharaoh. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret. – – 1212–1210 BC. |
| The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1210 to 1087 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Userkhaure – – Setnakhte – – Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt. – – 1210–1207 BC. |
| Usermaatre Meryamun – – Ramesses III – – Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. Assassinated in Harem conspiracy. – – 1207–1173 BC. |
| Usermaatre / Heqamaatre Setpenamun – – Ramesses IV – – Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline. – – 1173–1166 BC. |
| Usermaatre Sekheperenre – – Ramesses V – – Son of Ramesses IV . – – 1166–1162 BC. |
| Nebmaatre Meryamun – – Ramesses VI – – Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V. – – 1162–1153 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenre Meryamun – – Ramesses VII – – Son of Ramesses VI. – – 1153–1145 BC. |
| Usermaatre Akhenamun – – Ramesses VIII – – An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found. – – 1145–1144 BC. |
| Neferkare Setpenre – – Ramesses IX – – Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. – – 1144–1124 BC. |
| Khepermaatre Setpenptah Ramesses X A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain. – – 1124–1120 BC. |
| Menmaatre Setpenptah – – Ramesses XI – – Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by Smendes. – – 1120–1087 BC. |
| Third Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Third Intermediate Period (1087–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. Two dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. |
| The Twenty-First Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 1087 to 943 BC. |
| The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. – – They ruled from 1087 to 943 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Hedjkheperre-Setpenre – – Nesbanebdjed I (Smendes I) – – Married to Tentamun, probable daughter of Ramesses XI. – – 1087–1059 BC. |
| Neferkare – – Amenemnisu – – Obscure four-year reign. – – 1059–1055 BC. |
| Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I) Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as “The Silver Pharaoh” due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty. – – 1055–1005 BC. |
| Usermaatre – – Amenemope – – Son of Psusennes I. – – 1005–995 BC. |
| Aakheperre Setepenre – – Osorkon the Elder – – Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya). Also known as Osochor. – – 995–989 BC. |
| Netjerikheperre-Setpenamun – – Siamun – – Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty. – – 989–969 BC. |
| [1 Kings 9:15 ¶ And this [is] the reason of the levy which king Solomon raised; for to build the house of the LORD, and his own house, and Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem, and Hazor, and Megiddo, and Gezer.] |
| [1 Kings 9:16 [For] Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up, and taken Gezer, and burnt it with fire, and slain the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and given it [for] a present unto his daughter, Solomon’s wife.] |
| [Pharaoh king of Egypt is identified by some as Siamun. His taking of Gezer occurring during his military campaign in Philistia. The ancient royal Canaanite city of Gezer is near present-day Ramla, Israel. Gezer is often mentioned in the Old Testament and in the Egyptian records of the New Kingdom, from Thutmose III (1463–1451 BC) to Merneptah (1237–1225 BC). Gezer was abandoned about 900 BC and was little occupied thereafter.] |
| Titkheperure – – Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II) – – Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Amun. – – 969–943 BC. |
| Theban High Priests of Amun |
| Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs. 1091–943 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Hemnetjertepenamun – – Herihor Siamun – – Ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh. – – 1091–1084 BC. |
| Piankh – – Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor. 1084–1080 BC. |
| Kheperkhawra Setepenamun – – Pinedjem I Meriamun – – Son of Piankh. Father of Psusennes I. High Priest for many years, eventually gave his seat to his son Masaharta, and declared himself an actual pharaoh. – – 1080–1063 BC. (High Priest) 1062-1039 BC. (Pharaoh) |
| — – – Masaharta – – Son of Pinedjem I. – – 1062–1053 BC. |
| — – – Djedkhonsuefankh – – Son of Pinedjem I. – – 1054–1053 BC. |
| Hemnetjertepienamun – – Menkheperre – – Son of Pinedjem I. – – 1053–995 BC. |
| 1002 BC David’s army grows [1 Chronicles 12]. |
| — – – Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II) – – Son of Menkheperre. – – 995–993 BC. |
| — – – Pinedjem II – – Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II. – – 993–978 BC. |
| — – – Titkheprure Hemnetjertepienamun – – Pasebakhaennuit (Psusennes III) – – Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure. – – 978–943 BC. |
| 972 BC David’s health begins to fail him [1 Kings 1:1-4]. A beautiful young woman is sought to serve him and keep him warm in his old age [Abishag]. Adonijah, 4th born son of David, attempts a coup with Joab. At Nathan’s insistence, Bathsheba convinces David to declare Solomon king-in-waiting [per the promise in 2 Samuel 11:24-25; 1 Chronicles 22:9], and have him assume the throne [1 Kings 1:5-53; 1 Chronicles 23:1; 26:31]. David agrees [Solomon publicly declared David’s successor]. |
| 971 BC Rehoboam born. Rehoboam was the first monarch of the Kingdom of Judah after the split of the united Kingdom of Israel. He was a son of Solomon and Naamah, who was an Ammonite, and, as such, one of only two of all the Queen Mothers of Israel or Judah who was a foreigner. |
| 970 BC David dies age 70 years [2 Samuel 5:4] and Solomon [age 21, possibly 22] becomes Israel’s 3rd king and reigns 40 years. [1 Kings 11:42; 1 Chronicles 22:5]. |
| 966 BC In Jerusalem, construction begins on the building of SOLOMON’S TEMPLE in Solomon’s 4th year of reign [1 Kings 6, 2 Chronicles 2]. And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month Zif [= Iyar], which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the Lord. [1 Kings 6:1]. |
| 959 BC Solomon’s Temple is finished. So was he seven years in building it [1 Kings 6:38]. |
| 959 BC The Ark is brought into the Temple [1 Kings 8:3-9, 2 Chronicles 5]. |
| 959 BC God’s Glory fills the Temple [1 Kings 8:10-13, 2 Chronicles 7]. |
| 958 BC Start of the building of Solomon’s own house; this takes 13 years [1 Kings 7]. |
| 946 BC Solomon’s own house is completed after 13 years [1 Kings 7:1]. It took 20 years for the Temple & the house to be built [1 Kings 9:10]. |
| The Twenty-Second Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 943 to 716 BC. |
| The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from c. 943 to 716 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Hedjkheperre Setpenre – – Shoshenq I Meriamun – – Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). The biblical Shishak who reigned for 21 years – – 943–922 BC. |
| 931 BC Solomon’s reign ends & Israel is divided into Israel & Judah [1 Kings 12, 13]. And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel [was] forty years [1 Kings 11:42]. Solomon dies age 61 of natural causes. The nation splits after Solomon. |
| 930 BC Rehoboam’s reign over Judah [2 Chronicles 11]. |
| 926 BC Invasion by Shishak [1 Kings 14:25]. |
| 1 Kings 14:25 ¶ And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, [that] Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem: [926 BC] |
| Also recorded in: |
| 2 Chronicles 12:2 And it came to pass, [that] in the fifth year of king Rehoboam Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the LORD, |
| 2 Chronicles 12:5 ¶ Then came Shemaiah the prophet to Rehoboam, and [to] the princes of Judah, that were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Ye have forsaken me, and therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak. |
| 913 BC Rehoboam – king of Judah [Southern Kingdom] end [mostly bad] [2 Chronicles 10-12]. Rehoboam dies age 58 years [Born 971 BC]. And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam [was] forty and one years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD did choose out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother’s name [was] Naamah an Ammonitess [1 Kings 14:21]. |
| [1 Kings 11:40 Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon. Solomon died 931 BC.] |
| Sekhemkheperre Setepenre – – Osorkon I Meriamun – – Son of Shoshenq I. – – 922–887 BC. |
| Heqakheperre Setepenre – – Shoshenq II Meriamun – – Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper. – – 887–885 BC. |
| — – – Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb – – Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain. – – 880’s BC. |
| Hedjkheperre Setepenamun – – Harsiese Meriamun A – – An obscure rebel, at Thebes. – – 880–860 BC. |
| Hedjkheperre Setepenre – – Takelot I Meriamun – – Son of Osorkon I. – – 885–872 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenamun – – Osorkon II Meriamun – – Son of Takelot I. – – 872–837 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenre – – Shoshenq III Meriamun – – — – – 837–798 BC. |
| Hedjkheperre Setepenre – – Shoshenq IV Meriamun Sabast Netjerheqaiunu – – — – – 798–785 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenre – – Pami Meriamun – – — – – 785–778 BC. |
| Aakheperre – – Shoshenq V – – — – – 778–740 BC. |
| Usermaatre – – Osorkon IV – – — – – 740–716 BC. |
| The Twenty-Third Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 837 to c. 728 BC. |
| The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 728 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Hedjkheperre Setpenre – – Takelot II Siesemeriamun – – Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd. – – 837–813 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenamun – – Meriamun Pedubast I – – A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II. – – 826–801 BC.. |
| — – – Iuput I Meriamun – – Co-regent with Pedubast. – – 812–811 BC. |
| Usermaatre Meryamun – – Shoshenq VI Meriamun – – Successor to Pedubast. – – 801–795 BC. |
| Usermaatre Setpenamun – – Osorkon III Saisetmeriamun – – Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king. – – 795–767 BC. |
| Usermaatre-Setpenamun – – Takelot III Meriamun Saisetmeriamun – – Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign. – – 773–765 BC. |
| Usermaatre-Setpenamun – – Meriamun Rudamun – – Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. – – 765–762 BC. |
| Uasnetjerre/Hedjkheperre Setepenre – – Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun – – A poorly attested king. – – — |
| Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Menkheperre – – Ini – – Reigned at Thebes only. – – 762–Unknown BC. |
| The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 732 to 720 BC. |
| The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Shepsesre – – Tefnakhte – – — – – 732–725 BC. |
| Wahkare – – Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) – – — – – 725–720 BC. |
| The Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 720 to 656 BC. |
| Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye’s reign. Piye’s conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC. – – 720–656 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Usermaatre – – Piye – – King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; reigned for 32 years – – 746–714 BC, according to Frederic Payraudeau |
| Djedkaure – – Shebitku – – Believed to be Shabaka’s successor until the 2010’s – – 714–705 BC, according to Frederic Payraudeau |
| Neferkare – – Shabaka – – Believed to be Shebitku’s predecessor until the 2010’s – – 705–690 BC, according to Frederic Payraudeau |
| 701 BC Sennacherib threatens Jerusalem [2 Kings 18, Isaiah 36, 2 Chronicles 32]. |
| 2 Kings 18:21 Now, behold, thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, [even] upon Egypt, on which if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it: so [is] Pharaoh king of Egypt unto all that trust on him. [701 BC] |
| Khuinefertemre – – Taharqa – – Died in 664 BC. – – 690–664 BC. |
| Bakare – – Tantamani – – Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC. when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. – – 664–653 BC. |
| They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656 BC–590 BC), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-500 BC). – – 656–500 BC. |
| Late Period of Ancient Egypt |
| The Late Period runs from c. 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians. |
| The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from c. 664 to 525 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Menibre? Iribre? – – Tefnakht II (Stephinates) – – Manetho’s Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I. – – 685–678 BC. |
| — – – Nekauba (Nechepsos) – – Manetho’s Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned. – – 678–672 BC. |
| Menkheperre – – Nekau I (Necho I) – – Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I. – – 672–664 BC. |
| The son and successor of Nekau I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Wahibre – – Psamtik I (Psammetichus I) – – Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II. – – 664–610 BC. |
| 634 BC Eliakim [later called Jehoiakim] born to Josiah & Zebidah [2nd son]. |
| c. 626 BC Ahikam, son of Shaphan, born. Ahikam, who helped to protect Jeremiah, lived during the reigns of Kings Josiah, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah of Judah, roughly between 626 BC and 586 BC. Shaphan is mentioned in relation to the discovery of the scroll of Teaching that some scholars identify as the core of the book of Deuteronomy. Shaphan was a prominent figure in the Bible, serving as the scribe and secretary of King Josiah of Judah during the 7th century BC. He is best known for his role in the discovery of the Book of the Law in the Temple and for his involvement in King Josiah’s religious reforms. Shaphan was also the father of Ahikam, Elasah, Gemariah, and possibly Jaazaniah. |
| Wehemibre – – Nekau II (Necho II) – – Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II. – – 610–595 BC. |
| 608 BC Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as king of Judah [Southern Kingdom], but is quickly deposed by Necho, who installs Jehoahaz’s brother Jehoiakim in his place. |
| [2 Chronicles 35:20 ¶ After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king of Egypt came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah went out against him.] |
| [2 Chronicles 36:4 And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and turned his name to Jehoiakim. And Necho took Jehoahaz his brother, and carried him to Egypt] |
| [2 Chronicles 36:5 ¶ Jehoiakim [was] twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem: and he did [that which was] evil in the sight of the LORD his God.] 608 -597 BC. |
| [2 Chronicles 36:9 ¶ Jehoiachin [was] eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months and ten days in Jerusalem: and he did [that which was] evil in the sight of the LORD. [597 BC]] |
| [597 BC Jehoiachin [Jeconiah] [Coniah] – king of Judah [Southern Kingdom] start – exiled after 3 months [2 Kings 24:10].] |
| [597 BC Jehoiachin [Jeconiah] [Coniah] – king of Judah [Southern Kingdom] end [bad] [2 Chronicles 36:8-10].] |
| 597 BC March 16 Jerusalem falls at the hands of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. The 2nd group of captives are taken to Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar captures Jehoiachin [Jeconiah] [Coniah] and takes him as prisoner to Babylon. Zedekiah is set up as a puppet king over Judah; he is indecisive, moral weakling who is dominated by rebellious princes [Jeremiah 38:5; 5T297]. Wiki says According to the Hebrew Bible, Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he was made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BC. This is in agreement with a Babylonian chronicle, which states, The seventh year: In the month Kislev the king of Akkad mustered his army and marched to Hattu. He encamped against the city of Judah and on the second day of the month Adar he captured the city [and] seized [its] king. A king of his own choice he appointed in the city [and] taking the vast tribute he brought it into Babylon. [There was no king of Akkad in 597 BC; the Akkadian Empire had collapsed centuries earlier. In 597 BC, the king of Akkad, or more accurately, the king of Babylon, was Nebuchadnezzar II, who, according to Babylonian Chronicles, captured Jerusalem and its king, Jeconiah, and appointed Zedekiah in his place.] [In the Hebrew year 3164, there was Adar I and Adar II. The 2 Adar was on Thursday, 15 February 597 BC for Adar I and Saturday, 16 March 597 BC for Adar II.] |
| Neferibre – – Psamtik II (Psammetichus II) – – Son of Necho II and father of Apries. – – 595–589 BC. |
| Haaibre – – Wahibre (Apries) – – Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II. – – 589–570 BC. |
| [Jeremiah 26:20 And there was also a man that prophesied in the NAME of the LORD, Urijah the son of Shemaiah of Kirjathjearim, who prophesied against this city and against this land according to all the words of Jeremiah:] 588 BC. |
| [Jeremiah 26:21 And when Jehoiakim the king, with all his mighty men, and all the princes, heard his words, the king sought to put him to death: but when Urijah heard it, he was afraid, and fled, and went into Egypt;] |
| [Jeremiah 26:22 And Jehoiakim the king sent men into Egypt, [namely], Elnathan the son of Achbor, and [certain] men with him into Egypt.] |
| [Jeremiah 26:23 And they fetched forth Urijah out of Egypt, and brought him unto Jehoiakim the king; who slew him with the sword, and cast his dead body into the graves of the common people.] |
| [Jeremiah 26:24 Nevertheless the hand of Ahikam the son of Shaphan was with Jeremiah, that they should not give him into the hand of the people to put him to death.] |
| 588 BC February – Late Spring or Early Summer. Jeremiah’s conflicts [Jeremiah 21-33]. Ahikam, son of Shaphan, was a prominent figure in the court of King Josiah, even being sent by the king to consult the prophetess Huldah about the discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple. Jeremiah’s prophecies, which foretold the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple, led to his persecution by the people and officials. When Jeremiah was threatened with death, Ahikam stepped forward to defend him, persuading the court not to hand him over to the mob. Ahikam’s actions are seen as an example of righteousness and loyalty, as he stood up for what was right and protected the prophet, even when it was unpopular. This event is recorded in Jeremiah 26:24, where it states, Nevertheless the hand of Ahikam the son of Shaphan was with Jeremiah, that they should not give him into the hand of the people to put him to death. Ahikam, who helped protect Jeremiah, lived during the reigns of Kings Josiah, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah of Judah, roughly between 626 BC and 586 BC. A seal impression was found naming Gedaliah as the royal steward of the king; it was a position he must have held in the last years of Zedekiah’s reign. Jeremiah’s release is another fulfilment of God’s promise to protect him. |
| Khnemibre – – Ahmose II (Amasis II) – – He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III. – – 570–526 BC. |
| Ankhkaenre – – Psamtik III (Psammetichus III) Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt. – – 526–525 BC. |
| The Twenty-Seventh Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 525 to 404 BC. |
| Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC by king Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus the Great, and remained Persian satrapy for more than one hundred years until regaining independence in 404 BC. The Achaemenid kings were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Mesutre – – Kembydjet (Cambyses II) – – Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC. – – 525–1 July 522 BC. |
| — – – Bardiya (Smerdis) / Gaumata – – Son of Cyrus the Great. – – 522 BC. |
| Seteture – – Deriush (Darius I) – – Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata. – – 522–November 486 BC. |
| — – – Kheshayarusha (Xerxes I) – – Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia. – – November 486–December 465 BC. |
| — – – Artabanus the Hyrcanian – – — – – 465-464 BC. |
| — – – Arutakhshashas (Artaxerxes I) – – Died in 424 BC. – – 464–424 BC. |
| — – – Xerxes II – – A claimant. – – 424–423 BC. |
| — – – Sogdianus – – A claimant. – – 423–July 423 BC. |
| — – – Darius II – – Died in 404 BC. – – July 423–March 404 BC. |
| Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Seheruibre – – Petubastis III – – A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta. – – 522/21–520 BC. |
| Ahmose? Nebkaenre? – – Psammetichus IV – – A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain. – – Possibly in the 480’s BC. |
| The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 404 to 398 BC. |
| The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh. |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Amunirdisu (Amyrtaeus) – – Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians. – – 404–398 BC. |
| The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 398 to 380 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Baenre Merynetjeru – – Nefaarud I (Nepherites I) – – Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed. – – 398–393 BC. |
| Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu – – Hakor (Achoris) – – Son of Nefaarud I. – – c. 392–c. 391 BC. |
| Userre Setepenptah – – Pasherienmut (Psammuthes) – – Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year. – – c. 391 BC. |
| Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu – – Hakor (Achoris) – – Retook the throne from Psammuthes. – – c. 390–c. 379 BC. |
| — – – Nefaarud II (Nepherites II) – – Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. – – c. 379 BC. |
| — – – Muthis – – Possible pharaoh attested in Eusebius’s epitome; not known archaeologically and his chronological placement is disputed. – – Possibly between 393 and 380 BC. |
| The Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 379/8 to c. 340 BC. |
| The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c. 340 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Kheperkare – – Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I) – – Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos. – – 379/8–361/0 BC. |
| Irimaatenre – – Djedher (Teos) – – Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC.Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta. – – 361/0–359/8 BC. |
| Snedjemibre Setepenanhur – – Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (Nectanebo II) – – Last native ruler of ancient Egypt to be recognized by Manetho. – – 359/8–341/0 BC. |
| The Thirty-First Dynasty of Egypt ruled from 340 to 332 BC. |
| Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty. |
| Name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Artaxerxes III – – Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary. – – c. 341/339–338 BC. |
| Artaxerxes IV Arses – – Only reigned in Lower Egypt. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary. – – 338–336 BC. |
| Darius III – – Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. His name, Deriush, was written in a cartouche as a pharaonic nomen would be. – – 336–332 BC. |
| Native rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Senensetepuniptah – – Khababash – – Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia. – – 338–335 BC. |
| Hellenistic Period |
| The Thirty-Second Dynasty of Egypt (Macedonian) ruled from 332 to 323 BC. |
| Argead Dynasty / Temenid Dynasty |
| The Argead Dynasty, also known as the Temenid Dynasty, was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 309 BC. |
| The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Setpenre Meryamun – – Aluksindres (Alexander the Great) – – Formally Alexander III of Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt. – – 332–13 June 323 BC. |
| Setpenre Meryamun – – Pelupuisa (Philip Arrhidaeus) – – Formally Philip III of Macedon. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great. – – 323–317 BC. |
| Khaibre Setepenamun – – Aluksindres (Alexander IV) – – Formally Alexander IV of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana. – – 317–309 BC. |
| The Thirty-Third Dynasty of Egypt (Ptolemid) ruled from 323-30 BC. |
| Ptolemaic Dynasty |
| The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar’s death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them. |
| Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans. |
| Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own own death in late August 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. Ultimately, he was killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus. While younger children of Cleopatra did survive Egyptian-Roman war, Octavian denied them inheritance of Egypt. |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Setpenre Meryamun – – Ptolemy I Soter – – — – – 7 November 305–January 282 BC. |
| Ptolemy I Soter was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt. Ptolemy was basileus and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 305/304 BC to his death in 282 BC, and his descendants continued to rule Egypt until 30 BC. He was Born: 367 BC, Macedonia and Died: 283 BC (age 84 years), Alexandria, Egypt. |
| Weserkare Meryamun – – Ptolemy II Philadelphos [Ptolemy II Philadelphus] – – — – – 28 March 284–28 January 246 BC. |
| Ptolemy II Philadelphus was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC. He was the son of Ptolemy I, the Macedonian Greek general of Alexander the Great who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom after the death of Alexander, and Queen Berenice I, originally from Macedon. He was Born: 308 BC, Kos, Greece and Died: 28 January 246 BC (age 62 years), Alexandria, Egypt. |
| Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun – – Ptolemy III Euergetes – – — – – 28 January 246–November/December 222 BC. |
| Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun – – Ptolemy IV Philopator – – Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder. – – November/December 222–July/August 204 BC. |
| Ptolemy IV Philopator was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 221 to 204 BC. Ptolemy IV was the son of Ptolemy III and Berenice II. He was Born: June 245 BC and Died: August 205 BC (age 40 years). |
| Iwaennetjerwymer(wy)it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun – – Ptolemy V Epiphanes – – Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC. – – July/August 204–September 180 BC. |
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC. Ptolemy V, the son of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, inherited the throne at the age of five when his parents died in suspicious circumstances. He was Born: 9 October 210 BC and Died: 180 BC (age 30 years). |
| Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre – – Ptolemy VI Philometor – – Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC.–163 BC; restored 163 BC. Died 145 BC. – – c. May 180–October 164 BC. and 163–c. July 145 BC. |
| Ptolemy VI Philometor was a Greek king of Ptolemaic Egypt who reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. He is often considered the last ruler of ancient Egypt when that state was still a major power. He was Born: 186 BC and Died: 145 BC (age 41 years), Antioch, Türkiye. |
| — – – Cleopatra II – – Wife of Ptolemy VI. Married Ptolemy VIII c. 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC. – – 170–October 164 BC and 163–127 BC and 124–116 BC. |
| Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira was Queen consort of Ptolemaic Egypt from 175 to 170 BC as wife of Ptolemy VI Philometor, and then Queen regnant since 170 BC as co-ruler with her two successive brother-husbands, her daughter, and her grandson. She was Born: 185 BC and Died: 116 BC (age 69 years), Egypt. |
| Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun – – Ptolemy VIII Physcon – – Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC. – – 171–163 BC and 144–131 BC and 127–116 BC. |
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon, nicknamed Physcon, was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. He was the younger son of King Ptolemy V and Queen Cleopatra I. His reign was characterised by fierce political and military conflict with his older siblings, Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II. He was Born: 182 BC, Alexandria, Egypt and Died: 26 June 116 BC (age 66 years), Egypt. |
| Panetjerhunu Meriyetef – – Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II. – – 145–144 BC. |
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was, ostensibly, a Ptolemaic king of Egypt. His identity and reign are controversial, and it is likely that he did not reign at all, but was only granted royal dignity posthumously. He was Born: 162 BC and Died: 144 BC (age 18 years). |
| — – – Cleopatra III – – Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X. – – 142–131 BC and 127–107 BC. |
| Cleopatra III was a queen of Egypt. She ruled at first with her mother Cleopatra II and husband Ptolemy VIII from 142 to 131 BC and again from 127 to 116 BC. She then ruled with her sons Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X from 116 to 101 BC. She was Born: 161 BC and Died: 101 BC (age 60 years), Egypt. |
| — – – Ptolemy Memphites – – Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII – – 131 BC. |
| Ptolemy Memphites was the eldest son of Pharaoh Ptolemy VIII and the only son born by Queen Cleopatra II. From his mother’s previous marriage to Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy Memphites had the following half-siblings; Ptolemy Eupator, Ptolemy, Cleopatra Thea, and Cleopatra III. His father’s additional marriage to Cleopatra III produced his half-brothers Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X, both of whom later became pharaohs. Half-sisters from this marriage include; Tryphaena, Cleopatra IV, and Cleopatra Selene I. |
| Ptolemy Memphites was probably born in August 143 BC, owing his by-name to his father’s installation as pharaoh at the traditional capital Memphis at about the same time.[1] After Ptolemy VI’s death in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII had returned to Egypt as co-ruler and spouse of queen Cleopatra II. Although, another Ptolemy (the remaining son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II) was the heir apparent,[2] the attestations at the temple of Edfu show that Ptolemy Memphites had replaced him as heir in Year 28 of Ptolemy VIII (143/142 BC) while still only a toddler. The identification of the son and heir of Ptolemy VIII attested on the temple with Ptolemy Memphites is certain because, although Ptolemy IX had probably been born by this date, Cleopatra III was not yet queen, so the queen shown must be Cleopatra II in each scene and the pair only had one son. |
| Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun – – Ptolemy IX Soter – – Died 80 BC. – – 28 June 116–October 110 BC and 88-81 BC. |
| Ptolemy IX Soter II, commonly nicknamed Lathyros (‘chickpea’), was twice King of Ptolemaic Egypt. He was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. He reigned as Ptolemy Philometor Soter in joint rule with his grandmother Cleopatra II and mother Cleopatra III from 116 to 107 BC, and then again as Ptolemy Soter from 88 to 81 BC. |
| Ptolemy IX became the heir apparent after the murder of his half-brother Ptolemy Memphites in 130 BC, during a civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. On his father’s death in 116 BC, he became co-regent with Cleopatra II (until 115 BC) and with Cleopatra III. He eventually quarrelled with his mother and in 107 BC, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother, Ptolemy X. However, Ptolemy IX succeeded in seizing control of Cyprus. From there he invaded Judaea, but was prevented by Ptolemy X from invading Egypt (103–102 BC). In 88 BC, the Alexandrians expelled Ptolemy X and restored Ptolemy IX to the throne. He reigned alone until 81 BC, when he appointed his daughter Berenice III as co-regent shortly before his own death. She succeeded him as ruler. |
| Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun – – Ptolemy X Alexander Died 88 BC. – – October 110–February 109 BC and 107-88 BC. |
| Ptolemy X Alexander I was the Ptolemaic king of Cyprus from 114 BC until 107 BC and of Egypt from 107 BC until his death in 88 BC. He ruled in co-regency with his mother Cleopatra III as Ptolemy Philometor Soter until 101 BC, and then with his niece and wife Berenice III as Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was a son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, and younger brother of Ptolemy IX. His birth name was probably Alexander. |
| Ptolemy X was the second son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. When Ptolemy VIII died in 116 BC, Ptolemy IX became king with Cleopatra III as his co-regent and Alexander was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor. However, in 114–13 BC, he declared himself king. Cleopatra III quarrelled with Ptolemy IX and arranged for Alexander to return to Egypt in 107 BC and replace his brother as co-regent (with modern sources calling him Ptolemy X). |
| During his reign, Ptolemy X had to fight against his brother Ptolemy IX to maintain control over the Egyptian throne. Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X fought a war against Ptolemy IX in the Hasmonean kingdom (103–102 BC), in which Ptolemy X successfully prevented his brother from invading Egypt. In 101 BC, he had his mother murdered, married his niece Berenice III, and appointed his new wife as co-regent. An Egyptian uprising in 91 BC caused Ptolemy X to lose control of the south of the country. In 88 BC, the people expelled him from Alexandria, recalling Ptolemy IX to the throne. Ptolemy X raised an army with Roman help and invaded Cyprus, but was killed. |
| — – – Berenice III – – Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later – – 81–80 BC. |
| Berenice III (120–80 BC), also known as Cleopatra, ruled between 101 and 80 BC. Modern scholars studying Berenice III refer to her sometimes as Cleopatra Berenice. She was co-ruling queen of Ptolemaic Egypt with her uncle/husband Ptolemy X Alexander I, from 101 to 88 BC and again in 81 BC with her father Ptolemy IX Soter, before reigning as sole monarch of Egypt from 81 to 80 BC. |
| — – – Ptolemy XI Alexander – – Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III – – 80 BC. |
| Ptolemy XI was born to Ptolemy X Alexander I and supposedly Cleopatra Selene. His uncle Ptolemy IX Lathryos died in 81 BC or 80 BC, leaving only his sole legitimate daughter as his heir, and so Cleopatra Berenice (= Berenice III) ruled alone for a time. Rome’s Sulla wanted a pro-Roman ruler on the throne, and sent the young son of Ptolemy X to Egypt, displaying Ptolemy Alexander’s Will in Rome as supposed justification for this obvious interference. |
| The Will also apparently required Ptolemy XI to marry Berenice III, who was his stepmother, cousin, and possible half-sister. Nineteen days after the marriage, Ptolemy murdered his bride for unknown reasons, an unwise move since Berenice was very popular. Ptolemy was soon lynched by the citizens of Alexandria. |
| Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen – – Ptolemy XII Auletes – – Son of Ptolemy IX; deposed in 58 BC. Reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death in 51 BC. – – 80–58 BC and 55–51 BC. |
| — – – Cleopatra V Tryphaena – – Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV – – 79–68 BC. |
| — – – Cleopatra VI – – Supposed daughter of Ptolemy XII, theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V. – – 58–57 BC. |
| — – – Berenice IV – – Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled; later married Archelaos of Comana. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC. – – 58–55 BC. |
| — – – Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator – – Son and designated heir of Ptolemy XII Auletes alongside his sister Cleopatra. Supposedly drowned during Battle of the Nile (47 BC). – – 51-47 BC. Born c.62 BC; died 13 January 47 BC (aged 14). |
| Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator was Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC, and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He was the son of Ptolemy XII and the brother of and co-ruler with Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra’s exit from Egypt caused a civil war to break out between the pharaohs. |
| — – – Ptolemy XIV Philopator – – Brother-husband and nominal co-ruler of Cleopatra. Died young, allegedly poisoned by his sister-wife. – – 47-44 BC. |
| Ptolemy XIV Philopator, born c. 59 BC, was a Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, who reigned from 47 until his death in 44 BC. |
| — – – Cleopatra VII – – Ruled jointly with her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV. In modern usage, the stand-alone use of “Cleopatra” with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Believed to have committed suicide. – – 44–12 August 30 BC. |
| Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. She was Born: January 69 BC, Alexandria, Egypt and Died: 10 August 30 BC (age 39 years), Alexandria, Egypt. |
| — – – Arsinoe IV – – In opposition to Cleopatra VII – – December 48–January 47 BC. |
| Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem(ankh)enamun – – Ptolemy XV Caesar – – Eldest son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. – – 2 September 44–late August 30 BC. |
| Ptolemy XV Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, was the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra VII from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC, then as sole ruler until his death was ordered by Octavian. He was Born: 23 June 47 BC and Died: August 30 BC (age 17 years), Alexandria, Egypt. |
| Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| — – – Hugronaphor – – Revolutionary pharaoh in the South – – 205–199 BC. |
| — – – Ankhmakis – – Revolutionary pharaoh in the South – – 199–185 BC. |
| — – – Harsiesi – – Revolutionary pharaoh in the South – – 131–130 BC. |
| Queens considered Pharaohs by Sally-Ann Ashton: |
| Throne name – – – Personal name – – – Comments – – – Reign |
| Khenem(et)ibenmaat Mer(et)netjru – – Arsinoe II – – Wife of Ptolemy II – – c. 277–July 270 BC. |
| — – – Berenice II – – Wife of Ptolemy III. Murdered. – – 244/243–222 BC. |
| — – – Arsinoe III – – Wife of Ptolemy IV. Murdered. – – 220–204 BC. |
| — – – Cleopatra I Syra – – Wife of Ptolemy V, regent of her son Ptolemy VI during his minority. Possible nominal co-ruler with her husband and son. – – c. February 193–176 BC. |
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Biblically Adjusted – Egyptian Dynasties |
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